ABSTRACT Evolution of energy standards led to high-performance buildings requiring very low energy for their operation. Occupancy is the variable with the greatest impact on nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) energy performance because both constructive and technical characteristics have been improved over time. Occupants influence energy use in buildings as they contribute to internal gains, interact with systems and modify indoor conditions with their behaviour. Assumptions about occupancy schedules are usually adopted in energy models for compliance calculation and when experimental data are not available. These theoretical profiles might be far from real conditions and frequently generate a mismatch between expected and actual performance. The present work analyses six months of monitored data from an nZEB in Denmark. A simulation model is used to analyse the effect of three different occupancy profiles on the final energy use: the ‘Compliance profile’, defined on the basis of regulations, the ‘Standard profile’, built on average data obtained from surveys, and the ‘Actual profile’, customized on measured data from the actual building case. Significant differences are detected in the three different occupancy profiles as well as in the results achieved by applying the three occupancy models in performance prediction.

中文翻译：

---

丹麦近零能耗建筑 (nZEB) 的能源绩效差距：入住率模型的影响

摘要 能源标准的演变导致高性能建筑的运行需要非常低的能源。入住率是对近零能耗建筑 (nZEB) 能源性能影响最大的变量，因为随着时间的推移，建筑和技术特性都得到了改进。居住者影响建筑物的能源使用，因为他们有助于内部收益，与系统相互作用并通过他们的行为改变室内条件。在能源模型中通常采用有关占用时间表的假设来进行合规性计算以及当实验数据不可用时。这些理论配置文件可能与实际情况相去甚远，并且经常会导致预期性能与实际性能不匹配。目前的工作分析了丹麦 nZEB 六个月的监测数据。模拟模型用于分析三种不同占用情况对最终能源使用的影响：基于法规定义的“合规情况”、建立在调查平均数据基础上的“标准情况”以及“实际配置文件，根据实际建筑案例的测量数据进行定制。在三种不同的占用情况以及通过在性能预测中应用三种占用模型所获得的结果中检测到显着差异。