ABSTRACT More than 9 million people live in shelters globally, often in extremely hot climates. The thermal performance of shelters is often overlooked in the design process, despite being a consideration second only to safety in surveys of camp dwellers. Indeed, indoor temperatures exceeding 40°C have been recorded in previous studies. To aid in improving conditions, the roles building simulation and prototyping could play in forecasting shelter thermal performance as part of a new shelter design process are examined. The thermal performance of prototypes, built in the refugee camp of Azraq, was monitored during the hot season to evaluate four design approaches: (1) “blind” (uncalibrated) models, (2) calibrated models, (3) on-site design-variants and (4) off-site prototypes. These included the original shelter and six design alternatives implementing different overheating countermeasures. The results demonstrate that blind models are sensitive to the judgement of uncertainties but were still qualitatively useful. Model calibration vastly improves the agreement and significantly enhances forecasts of performance for the design alternatives, which remained similar across examined climates. It is therefore concluded that simulation and prototyping, either on-site or off-site, should be adopted within the shelter design process before mass deployment, to create better-living conditions for their dwellers.

中文翻译：

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热建模和原型制作在避难所设计中的重要性

摘要 全球有超过 900 万人居住在避难所中，而且这些避难所通常处于极端炎热的气候中。避难所的热性能在设计过程中经常被忽视，尽管在对营地居民的调查中是仅次于安全的考虑因素。事实上，之前的研究已经记录了超过 40°C 的室内温度。为了帮助改善条件，研究了建筑模拟和原型制作在预测避难所热性能方面的作用，作为新避难所设计过程的一部分。在炎热季节对在 Azraq 难民营建造的原型的热性能进行监测，以评估四种设计方法：(1) “盲”（未校准）模型，(2) 校准模型，(3) 现场设计-变体和 (4) 场外原型。其中包括最初的避难所和六个实施不同过热对策的设计方案。结果表明，盲模型对不确定性的判断很敏感，但在定性上仍然有用。模型校准极大地提高了一致性，并显着增强了对设计备选方案的性能预测，这些设计方案在检查的气候中保持相似。因此得出的结论是，在大规模部署之前，应在避难所设计过程中采用现场或异地模拟和原型设计，为居民创造更好的生活条件。模型校准极大地提高了一致性，并显着增强了对设计备选方案的性能预测，这些设计方案在检查的气候中保持相似。因此得出的结论是，在大规模部署之前，应在避难所设计过程中采用现场或异地模拟和原型设计，为居民创造更好的生活条件。模型校准极大地提高了一致性，并显着增强了对设计备选方案的性能预测，这些设计方案在检查的气候中保持相似。因此得出的结论是，在大规模部署之前，应在避难所设计过程中采用现场或异地模拟和原型设计，为居民创造更好的生活条件。