The von Neumann measurement framework describes a dynamic interaction between a target system and a probe. In contrast, a quantum controlled measurement framework uses a qubit probe to control the actions of different operators on the target system, and is convenient for establishing universal quantum computation. In this work, we use a quantum controlled measurement framework for measuring quantum states directly. We introduce two types of the quantum controlled measurement framework and investigate the systematic error (the bias between the true value and the estimated values) that are caused by these types. We numerically investigate the systematic errors, evaluate the confidence region, and investigate the effect of experimental noise that arises from the imperfect detection. Our analysis has important applications in direct quantum state tomography.

中文翻译：

---

直接状态测量与量子控制测量中的系统误差

冯·诺依曼测量框架描述了目标系统与探针之间的动态相互作用。相反，量子控制的测量框架使用量子位探针来控制不同算子对目标系统的作用，并且便于建立通用量子计算。在这项工作中，我们使用量子控制的测量框架直接测量量子态。我们介绍两种类型的量子控制测量框架，并研究由这些类型引起的系统误差（真实值和估计值之间的偏差）。我们数值研究系统误差，评估置信区域，并研究由不完善检测引起的实验噪声的影响。