The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in the regulation of metabolism, oxygen consumption, and the release of energy in the form of heat to maintain the body. Even at rest, these processes are sensitive to changes in thyroid function. This means that along with the adrenergic system, thyroid function determines the organism’s ability to adapt to cold. Cold adaptation causes deiodination of thyroxine (T₄) and thus promotes an increase in blood triiodothyronine (T₃) levels in humans and animals. Triiodothyronine is an inductor of iodothyronine deiodinase expression in brown fat, liver, and kidney. Iodothyronine deiodinase plays an important role in adaptation of the organism to cold by contributing to high adrenergic reactivity of brown fat. T₃ also leads to an increase in expression of uncoupling proteins and uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and an increase in heat production. The aim of this article is to review the available literature regarding the role of thyroid hormones in adaptation to cold and to present the current knowledge of the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying their action during cold adaptation.

中文翻译：

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甲状腺激素及其对寒冷的适应机制。

甲状腺在调节新陈代谢，耗氧量以及以维持身体热量的形式释放能量方面起着至关重要的作用。即使处于静止状态，这些过程对甲状腺功能的变化也很敏感。这意味着与肾上腺素系统一起，甲状腺功能决定了生物体适应寒冷的能力。寒冷适应会导致甲状腺素（T ₄）脱碘，从而促进人和动物血液中的三碘甲状腺素（T ₃）水平升高。Triiodothyronine是褐色脂肪，肝脏和肾脏中碘甲状腺素脱碘酶的诱导剂。碘甲状腺素脱碘酶通过促进棕色脂肪的高肾上腺素反应性，在使生物适应寒冷中起重要作用。Ť ₃还导致解偶联蛋白和解偶联氧化磷酸化的表达增加，以及热量产生增加。本文的目的是回顾有关甲状腺激素在适应寒冷中的作用的现有文献，并介绍有关了解其在寒冷适应过程中作用的分子机制的最新知识。