The use of helmets in equestrian sports has reduced the occurrence of traumatic brain injuries although, despite improvements to helmets, concussion remains a common injury. Currently, equestrian helmets are designed to pass certification standards involving a linear drop test to a rigid surface, while most concussions in equestrian sports result from oblique impacts to a compliant surface. The purpose of this study was to: (1) Compare the head kinematics and brain tissue response of the current equestrian helmet standard (EN1) and proposed standard EN13087-11 (EN2) to those associated with reconstructions of real-world equestrian concussion accidents. (2) Design a test protocol that would reflect the real-world conditions associated with concussion in equestrian sports. (3) To assess the protective capacity of an equestrian helmet using the flat turf and 45° turf proposed test protocols. Results for reconstructions of real-world concussions were obtained from a previous study (Clark et al. in J. Sci. Med. Sport 23:222-236, 2020). Using one jockey helmet model, impact tests were conducted according to the EN1 and EN2 protocols. Additionally, helmeted and unhelmeted tests were conducted at 5.9 and 6.0 m/s on to flat turf and 45° turf anvils for front, front-boss and rear-boss impact locations. The results demonstrated EN1 and EN2 both had higher magnitude accelerations and shorter duration impacts than reconstructed real-world concussive impacts. Impacts to turf anvils, on the other hand, produced similar head kinematics compared to the reconstructed real-world concussive impacts. Additionally, this study demonstrated that helmeted impacts significantly decreased rotational kinematics and brain tissue response below what is associated with unhelmeted impacts for oblique falls. However, the head kinematics and brain tissue response associated with these helmeted falls were consistent with concussion, suggesting that scope exists to improve the capacity of equestrian helmets to protect against concussion.

中文翻译：

---

马术头盔标准：它们代表现实世界中的事故情况吗？

在马术运动中使用头盔减少了颅脑外伤的发生，尽管尽管对头盔进行了改进，脑震荡仍然是常见的伤害。当前，马术头盔被设计成通过涉及对硬质表面的线性跌落测试的认证标准，而马术运动中的大多数脑震荡是由对顺应性表面的倾斜冲击造成的。这项研究的目的是：（1）将当前马术头盔标准（EN1）和拟议标准EN13087-11（EN2）的头部运动学和脑组织反应与与现实世界马术脑震荡事故的重建相关的标准进行比较。（2）设计一个测试协议，以反映与马术运动中脑震荡相关的现实情况。（3）使用建议的平坦草皮和45°草皮评估马术头盔的保护能力。从先前的研究中获得了重建现实脑震荡的结果（Clark等人，J。Sci。Med。Sport 23：222-236，2020）。使用一个骑师头盔模型，根据EN1和EN2协议进行了冲击测试。此外，还分别以5.9和6.0 m / s的速度在平坦草皮和45°草皮砧座上进行了头盔和非头盔测试，以测试前，前凸台和后凸台的撞击位置。结果表明，EN1和EN2都比重构的现实世界震荡冲击具有更高的幅度加速度和更短的持续时间冲击。另一方面，与重建的现实世界震荡冲击相比，对草皮砧的冲击产生了相似的头部运动学。另外，这项研究表明，带头盔的撞击显着降低了旋转运动学和脑组织反应，低于与斜向摔倒的非头盔式撞击相关的水平。然而，与这些头盔坠落有关的头部运动学和脑组织反应与脑震荡一致，表明存在改善马术头盔防止脑震荡的能力的范围。