Interest surrounding the role that skin microbes play in various aspects of human health has recently experienced a timely surge, particularly among researchers, clinicians, and consumer-focused industries. The world is now approaching a post-antibiotic era where conventional antibacterial therapeutics have shown a loss in effectiveness due to overuse, leading to the looming antibiotic resistance crisis. The increasing threat posed by antibiotic resistance is compounded by an inadequate discovery rate of new antibiotics and has, in turn, resulted in global interest for alternative solutions. Recent studies have demonstrated that imbalances in skin microbiota are associated with assorted skin diseases and infections. Specifically, restoration of this ecosystem imbalance results in an alleviation of symptoms, achieved simply by applying bacteria normally found in abundance on healthy skin to the skin of those deficient in beneficial bacteria. The aim of this review is to discuss the currently available literature on biological tools that have the potential to manipulate the skin microbiota, with particular focus on bacteriocins, phage therapy, antibiotics, probiotics, and targets of the gut-skin axis. This review will also address how the skin microbiota protects humans from invading pathogens in the external environment while discussing novel strategies to manipulate the skin microbiota to avoid and/or treat various disease states.

中文翻译：

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保护外部：操纵皮肤微生物的生物工具。

围绕皮肤微生物在人类健康各个方面发挥作用的兴趣最近得到了及时的提升，尤其是在研究人员，临床医生和以消费者为中心的行业中。现在，世界正进入抗生素时代之后，传统的抗菌疗法由于过度使用而导致疗效下降，从而导致迫在眉睫的抗生素耐药性危机。新型抗生素的发现率不足，加剧了抗生素耐药性带来的日益严重的威胁，进而引起了全球对替代解决方案的兴趣。最近的研究表明，皮肤微生物群的失衡与各种皮肤疾病和感染有关。具体来说，恢复这种生态系统失衡会减轻症状，仅通过将健康皮肤上通常发现的大量细菌应用到有益细菌缺乏者的皮肤上即可实现。这篇综述的目的是讨论有关生物工具的当前可用文献，这些文献具有操纵皮肤微生物的潜能，特别着重于细菌素，噬菌体疗法，抗生素，益生菌和肠-皮肤轴的靶标。这篇综述还将讨论皮肤微生物群如何保护人类免受外部环境中病原体的侵扰，同时讨论操纵皮肤微生物群避免和/或治疗各种疾病状态的新策略。这篇综述的目的是讨论有关生物工具的当前可用文献，这些文献具有操纵皮肤微生物的潜能，特别着重于细菌素，噬菌体疗法，抗生素，益生菌和肠-皮肤轴的靶标。这篇综述还将讨论皮肤微生物群如何保护人类免受外部环境中病原体的侵扰，同时讨论操纵皮肤微生物群避免和/或治疗各种疾病状态的新策略。这篇综述的目的是讨论有关生物工具的当前可用文献，这些文献具有操纵皮肤微生物的潜能，特别着重于细菌素，噬菌体疗法，抗生素，益生菌和肠-皮肤轴的靶标。这篇综述还将讨论皮肤微生物群如何保护人类免受外部环境中病原体的侵扰，同时讨论操纵皮肤微生物群避免和/或治疗各种疾病状态的新策略。