We present a newly developed 1-D numerical energy-balance and phase transition supraglacial lake model: GlacierLake. GlacierLake incorporates snowfall, in situ snow and ice melt, incoming water from the surrounding catchment, ice lid formation, basal freeze-up and thermal stratification. Snow cover and temperature are varied to test lake development through winter and the maximum lid thickness is recorded. Average wintertime temperatures of −2 to $-30^{\circ }{\rm C}$ and total snowfall of 0 to 3.45 m lead to a range of the maximum lid thickness from 1.2 to 2.8 m after ${\sim }250$ days, with snow cover exerting the dominant control. An initial ice temperature of $-15^{\circ }{\rm C}$ with simulated advection of cold ice from upstream results in 0.6 m of basal freeze-up. This suggests that lakes with water depths above 1.3 to 3.4 m (dependent on winter snowfall and temperature) upon lid formation will persist through winter. These buried lakes can provide a sizeable water store at the start of the melt season, expedite future lake formation and warm underlying ice even in winter.

中文翻译：

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格陵兰冰盖上冰上湖泊的越冬持久性：新模型的结果和见解

我们提出了一个新开发的一维数值能量平衡和相变冰上湖模型：GlacierLake。GlacierLake 包括降雪、原地冰雪融化、来自周围集水区的进水、冰盖形成、基底冻结和热分层。积雪和温度会变化以测试整个冬季的湖泊发育情况，并记录最大盖厚度。冬季平均气温 -2 至$-30^{\circ }{\rm C}$总降雪量为 0 到 3.45 m 导致最大盖厚度范围为 1.2 到 2.8 m${\sim }250$天，积雪占主导地位。初始冰温为$-15^{\circ }{\rm C}$模拟来自上游的冷冰平流导致 0.6 m 的基底冻结。这表明湖盖形成时水深在 1.3 到 3.4 m（取决于冬季降雪量和温度）的湖泊将持续整个冬季。这些埋藏的湖泊可以在融化季节开始时提供相当大的储水量，加速未来的湖泊形成和温暖的底层冰，即使在冬天也是如此。