Children’s active engagement in early education settings plays an important role in academic and social development. One method for increasing active engagement is the use of response cards during instruction. Response cards are learning tools that allow an entire classroom to respond to a teacher’s question simultaneously by raising the card with the correct response. A multielement design was used to examine the effect of response cards on preschoolers’ active and passive engagement and interfering behaviors during a mathematics activity at circle time as compared to choral responding. Observational data on engagement and interfering behavior were collected for three students across the two conditions. While the response card condition had varying effects on the three students’ passive engagement and interfering behaviors, all three students generally showed higher levels of active engagement in the response cards condition than in the choral responding condition and reduced levels of interfering behavior.

中文翻译：

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数学活动中反应卡对学龄前儿童参与的影响：初步调查

儿童积极参与早期教育环境在学术和社会发展中发挥着重要作用。一种增加积极参与的方法是在教学过程中使用响应卡。响应卡是一种学习工具，可通过举起带有正确响应的卡来允许整个教室同时回答老师的问题。与合唱响应相比，多元素设计用于检查响应卡对学龄前儿童主动和被动参与以及干扰行为的影响。在这两种情况下，为三名学生收集了关于参与和干扰行为的观察数据。虽然反应卡状况对三名学生的被动参与和干扰行为有不同的影响，