To predict the tropism of human coronaviruses, we profile 28 SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus-associated receptors and factors (SCARFs) using single-cell RNA-sequencing data from a wide range of healthy human tissues. SCARFs include cellular factors both facilitating and restricting viral entry. Among adult organs, enterocytes and goblet cells of the small intestine and colon, kidney proximal tubule cells, and gallbladder basal cells appear most permissive to SARS-CoV-2, consistent with clinical data. Our analysis also suggests alternate entry paths for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the lung, central nervous system, and heart. We predict spermatogonial cells and prostate endocrine cells, but not ovarian cells, to be highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2, suggesting male-specific vulnerabilities. Early stages of embryonic and placental development show a moderate risk of infection. The nasal epithelium looks like another battleground, characterized by high expression of both promoting and restriction factors and a potential age-dependent shift in SCARF expression. Lastly, SCARF expression appears broadly conserved across human, chimpanzee and macaque organs examined. Our study establishes an important resource for investigations of coronavirus biology and pathology.

中文翻译：

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人冠状病毒进入因子的单细胞RNA表达图。

为了预测人类冠状病毒的嗜性，我们使用来自广泛健康人类组织的单细胞RNA测序数据，分析了28种SARS-CoV-2和与冠状病毒相关的受体和因子（SCARFs）。SCARFs包括促进和限制病毒进入的细胞因子。在成年器官中，小肠和结肠的肠上皮细胞和杯状细胞，肾近端小管细胞和胆囊基底细胞似乎最适合SARS-CoV-2，与临床数据一致。我们的分析还提出了肺，中枢神经系统和心脏的SARS-CoV-2感染的替代进入途径。我们预测精原细胞和前列腺内分泌细胞（而不是卵巢细胞）高度允许SARS-CoV-2的存在，这表明男性特有的脆弱性。胚胎和胎盘发育的早期阶段显示出中等的感染风险。鼻上皮看起来像是另一个战场，其特征在于促进因子和限制因子的高表达以及SCARF表达的潜在年龄依赖性变化。最后，在检查的人类，黑猩猩和猕猴器官中，SCARF表达似乎广泛保守。我们的研究为研究冠状病毒生物学和病理学奠定了重要的资源。