The management of germplasm banks is complex, especially when many accessions are involved. Microsatellite markers are an efficient tool for assessing the genetic diversity of germplasm collections, optimizing their use in breeding programs. This study genetically characterizes a large collection of 420 grapevine accessions maintained at the Agronomic Institute of Campinas (IAC) (Brazil). The accessions were genotyped with 17 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. Genetic data were analyzed to determine the genetic structure of the germplasm, quantify its allelic diversity, suggest the composition of a core collection and discover cases of synonymy, duplication and misnaming. A total of 304 alleles were obtained, and 334 unique genotypes were identified. The molecular profiles of 145 accessions were confirmed according to the literature and databases, and the molecular profiles of more than 100 genotypes were reported for the first time. The analysis of the genetic structure revealed different levels of stratification. The primary division was between accessions related to Vitis vinifera and V. labrusca, followed by their separation from wild grapevine. A core collection of 120 genotypes captured 100% of all detected alleles. The accessions selected for the core collection may be used in future phenotyping efforts, in genome association studies, and for conservation purposes. Genetic divergence among accessions has practical applications in grape breeding programs, as the choice of relatively divergent parents will maximize the frequency of progeny with superior characteristics. Together, our results can enhance the management of grapevine germplasm and guide the efficient exploitation of genetic diversity to facilitate the development of new grape cultivars for fresh fruits, wine, and rootstock.

中文翻译：

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巴西葡萄种质的遗传结构和分子多样性：育种计划的管理和使用

种质库的管理非常复杂，尤其是在涉及许多种质时。微卫星标记是评估种质资源遗传多样性，优化其在​​育种计划中使用的有效工具。这项研究从基因上表征了保存在坎皮纳斯农艺研究所（IAC）（巴西）的420个葡萄品种的大量收集。用17个高度多态的微卫星标记对这些种进行基因分型。分析了遗传数据，以确定种质的遗传结构，量化了其等位基因多样性，建议了核心种质的组成，并发现了同义，重复和错误命名的情况。总共获得304个等位基因，并鉴定了334个独特的基因型。根据文献和数据库确定了145个种质的分子图谱，首次报道了100多个基因型的分子图谱。遗传结构分析显示了不同的分层水平。主要的划分是在与葡萄和V. labrusca，然后从野生葡萄中分离。120个基因型的核心集合捕获了所有检测到的等位基因的100％。为核心集合选择的种质可用于将来的表型研究，基因组关联研究以及保护目的。种质之间的遗传差异在葡萄育种计划中有实际应用，因为选择相对差异较大的亲本将使具有优良特性的后代频率最大化。总之，我们的结果可以加强对葡萄种质的管理，并指导对遗传多样性的有效利用，以促进用于新鲜水果，葡萄酒和砧木的新葡萄品种的开发。