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Regulation of size and scale in vertebrate spinal cord development
WIREs Mechanisms of Disease ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-11 , DOI: 10.1002/wdev.383 Katarzyna Kuzmicz-Kowalska 1 , Anna Kicheva 1
WIREs Mechanisms of Disease ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-11 , DOI: 10.1002/wdev.383 Katarzyna Kuzmicz-Kowalska 1 , Anna Kicheva 1
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All vertebrates have a spinal cord with dimensions and shape specific to their species. Yet how species‐specific organ size and shape are achieved is a fundamental unresolved question in biology. The formation and sculpting of organs begins during embryonic development. As it develops, the spinal cord extends in anterior–posterior direction in synchrony with the overall growth of the body. The dorsoventral (DV) and apicobasal lengths of the spinal cord neuroepithelium also change, while at the same time a characteristic pattern of neural progenitor subtypes along the DV axis is established and elaborated. At the basis of these changes in tissue size and shape are biophysical determinants, such as the change in cell number, cell size and shape, and anisotropic tissue growth. These processes are controlled by global tissue‐scale regulators, such as morphogen signaling gradients as well as mechanical forces. Current challenges in the field are to uncover how these tissue‐scale regulatory mechanisms are translated to the cellular and molecular level, and how regulation of distinct cellular processes gives rise to an overall defined size. Addressing these questions will help not only to achieve a better understanding of how size is controlled, but also of how tissue size is coordinated with the specification of pattern.
中文翻译：
脊椎动物脊髓发育中大小和尺度的调节
所有脊椎动物都有一个脊髓，其尺寸和形状特定于它们的物种。然而，如何实现物种特异性器官的大小和形状是生物学中一个尚未解决的基本问题。器官的形成和雕刻始于胚胎发育。随着它的发育，脊髓与身体的整体生长同步地沿前后方向延伸。脊髓神经上皮的背腹侧 (DV) 和根尖基底长度也发生变化，同时沿 DV 轴建立和阐述了神经祖细胞亚型的特征模式。组织大小和形状的这些变化的基础是生物物理决定因素，例如细胞数量、细胞大小和形状的变化以及各向异性组织生长。这些过程由全球组织规模监管机构控制，例如形态素信号梯度以及机械力。该领域当前的挑战是揭示这些组织尺度调节机制如何转化为细胞和分子水平，以及不同细胞过程的调节如何产生整体定义的大小。解决这些问题不仅有助于更好地了解如何控制尺寸，而且有助于更好地了解组织尺寸如何与图案规范相协调。
更新日期：2020-05-11
中文翻译：
脊椎动物脊髓发育中大小和尺度的调节
所有脊椎动物都有一个脊髓，其尺寸和形状特定于它们的物种。然而，如何实现物种特异性器官的大小和形状是生物学中一个尚未解决的基本问题。器官的形成和雕刻始于胚胎发育。随着它的发育，脊髓与身体的整体生长同步地沿前后方向延伸。脊髓神经上皮的背腹侧 (DV) 和根尖基底长度也发生变化，同时沿 DV 轴建立和阐述了神经祖细胞亚型的特征模式。组织大小和形状的这些变化的基础是生物物理决定因素，例如细胞数量、细胞大小和形状的变化以及各向异性组织生长。这些过程由全球组织规模监管机构控制，例如形态素信号梯度以及机械力。该领域当前的挑战是揭示这些组织尺度调节机制如何转化为细胞和分子水平，以及不同细胞过程的调节如何产生整体定义的大小。解决这些问题不仅有助于更好地了解如何控制尺寸，而且有助于更好地了解组织尺寸如何与图案规范相协调。
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