BACKGROUND Participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) among 0- to 5-year-old children is associated with healthier diets. Extension of dietary benefits to older, age-ineligible children (5-18 years old) residing in WIC households has not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE Examine the association between household WIC participation and dietary behaviors of age-ineligible children. DESIGN Cross-sectional secondary analysis of data collected from 2 independent panels (2009-2010 and 2014) of the New Jersey Child Health Study, using household surveys. Questions derived from national surveys assessed consumption frequency of specific foods among 5- to 18-year-old children. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING The analytic sample included 616 age-ineligible children from households with incomes below 200% of the federal poverty level, 398 of whom were from WIC-participating households. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Eating behaviors were measured as frequency of daily consumption of fruit, vegetables, 100% juice, sugar-sweetened beverages, and sweet and salty snacks. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Multivariable negative binomial models examined the association between eating behaviors and household WIC participation status adjusting for child's age, sex, and race; mother's education; city of residence; household size; and panel. Results are expressed as incidence rate ratios (IRRs). RESULTS Household WIC participation was not associated with dietary behaviors among age-ineligible children (5-18 years old) in the overall sample. However, healthier dietary patterns were observed for specific demographic groups. Compared with age-ineligible children in non-WIC households, age-ineligible children in WIC households had (1) a higher frequency of vegetable consumption among 12- to 18-year-old children (IRR = 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.58; P = .015); (2) a marginally significant higher frequency of 100% juice consumption among females (IRR = 1.27; 95% CI 1.00-1.62; P = .053); and (3) a lower frequency of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption among Hispanic children (IRR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.43-0.86; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS Household WIC participation may positively influence dietary behaviors of age-ineligible children, suggesting a possible WIC spillover effect. Revisions to WIC package composition should consider the possible dietary implications for all children in the household.

中文翻译：

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妇女、婴儿和儿童的特殊补充营养计划 溢出效应：兄弟姐妹是否从中受益？

背景 在 0 至 5 岁儿童中参与针对妇女、婴儿和儿童的特殊补充营养援助计划 (WIC) 与更健康的饮食有关。尚未对居住在 WIC 家庭中的年龄较大、不符合年龄要求的儿童（5-18 岁）提供膳食福利进行全面调查。目标 检查家庭 WIC 参与与无年龄儿童饮食行为之间的关联。设计 对新泽西儿童健康研究的 2 个独立小组（2009-2010 和 2014）收集的数据进行横断面二次分析，使用家庭调查。来自全国调查的问题评估了 5 至 18 岁儿童特定食物的消费频率。参与者/环境 分析样本包括来自收入低于联邦贫困线 200% 的家庭的 616 名不符合年龄要求的儿童，其中 398 名来自参与 WIC 的家庭。主要观察指标 饮食行为的测量是每日食用水果、蔬菜、100% 果汁、含糖饮料和甜咸零食的频率。统计分析 多变量负二项式模型检查了饮食行为与家庭 WIC 参与状态之间的关联，并根据儿童的年龄、性别和种族进行了调整；母亲的教育；居住城市; 房子大小; 和面板。结果表示为发生率比 (IRR)。结果 在整个样本中，家庭 WIC 参与与年龄不合格儿童（5-18 岁）的饮食行为无关。然而，在特定人口群体中观察到更健康的饮食模式。与非 WIC 家庭中的适龄儿童相比，WIC 家庭中的适龄儿童具有 (1) 12 至 18 岁儿童的蔬菜消费频率更高（IRR = 1.29；95% 置信区间 [CI] ] 1.05-1.58；P = .015)；(2) 女性饮用 100% 果汁的频率略高（IRR = 1.27；95% CI 1.00-1.62；P = .053）；(3) 西班牙裔儿童饮用含糖饮料的频率较低（IRR = 0.61；95% CI 0.43-0.86；P = .004）。结论 家庭 WIC 参与可能对不符合年龄要求的儿童的饮食行为产生积极影响，表明可能存在 WIC 溢出效应。