Abstract This paper presents a numerical model designed to simulate subaqueous cross-shore profile behavior, including response of feeder mounds and barred systems. The present model development builds on the semi-empirical model proposed by Larson et al. (2013), designed to simulate the evolution of longshore bars exposed to incident waves, as well as the exchange of material between the bar and the berm region. Here, efforts are made to expand the theory for the evolution of a single-bar to a 2-bar system, where the volumes of the individual bars (inner and outer) and their responses are modeled. In order to investigate the predictive capacity of the model, this exploratory numerical tool is first calibrated and validated against data from Duck, North Carolina, USA, where 2 bars typically appear (inner and outer). Field data derived from nearshore sand placement projects (Silver Strand State Park, California, and Cocoa Beach, Florida, USA), involving the construction of artificial longshore bars, are also employed to test the model in complex situations with diverse wave climates and typical beach profile shapes. The study presented in this paper shows that the equilibrium-based model is skilled at predicting the time-varying volume of the outer bar (e = 0.39; NMSE = 0.24), suggesting that this morphological feature is strongly influenced by offshore wave forcing in a predictable, equilibrium-forced manner. Model skill was lower (e = 0.51; NMSE = 0.29) when predicting the inner bar evolution at Duck, remaining questions about the predictability and the equilibrium-driven cross-shore behavior of more transient features. Model prediction of the evolution of feeder mounds (artificial bars) proved to be also successful through description of hypothetical bars characterized by zero equilibrium bar volume, leading to a good agreement with the field observations. Overall, the potential for using rather simple models to quantitatively reproduce the main trends of cross-shore volume changes in bars in a time perspective from years to decades has been demonstrated.

中文翻译：

---

十年尺度的多个近岸酒吧的跨岸建模

摘要 本文提出了一种旨在模拟水下跨岸剖面行为的数值模型，包括馈线土墩和拦阻系统的响应。目前的模型开发建立在 Larson 等人提出的半经验模型之上。(2013)，旨在模拟暴露于入射波的沿岸钢筋的演变，以及钢筋和护堤区域之间的材料交换。在这里，我们努力将单杆演化理论扩展为 2 杆系统，其中对单个杆（内部和外部）的体积及其响应进行建模。为了研究模型的预测能力，此探索性数值工具首先根据来自美国北卡罗来纳州 Duck 的数据进行校准和验证，其中通常会出现 2 个柱状图（内部和外部）。来自近岸沙子放置项目（加利福尼亚州的银滩州立公园和美国佛罗里达州的可可海滩）的现场数据，涉及人工长岸酒吧的建造，也用于在具有不同波浪气候和典型海滩的复杂情况下测试模型轮廓形状。本文提出的研究表明，基于平衡的模型能够熟练地预测外杆随时间变化的体积（e = 0.39；NMSE = 0.24），这表明该形态特征受到海上波浪强迫的强烈影响。可预测的，平衡强迫的方式。在预测 Duck 的内杆演化时，模型技能较低（e = 0.51；NMSE = 0.29），仍然存在关于更多瞬态特征的可预测性和平衡驱动的跨岸行为的问题。通过描述以零平衡棒体积为特征的假设棒，证明对馈线土墩（人造棒）演化的模型预测也是成功的，与现场观察结果非常吻合。总体而言，已经证明了使用相当简单的模型从几年到几十年的时间角度定量再现跨岸交易量变化的主要趋势的潜力。