Abstract Mushrooms play a provisioning ecosystem service as wild food. The abundance of this resource shows high annual and interannual variability, particularly in Mediterranean ecosystems. Climate conditions have been considered the main factor promoting mushroom production variability, but several evidences suggest that forest composition, age and growth play also a role. Long-term mushroom production datasets are critical to understand the factors behind mushroom productivity. We used 22 and 24 year-long time series of mushroom production in Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris forests in Central Spain to evaluate the effect of climate and forest productivity on mushroom yield. We combined climatic data (precipitation and temperature) and remote sensing data (soil moisture and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI, a surrogate of primary productivity) to model mushroom yields for each forest and for the main edible species of economic interest (Boletus edulis and Lactarius deliciosus). We hypothesized that mushroom yield would be related to (i) forest primary productivity inferred from NDVI affects mushroom yields, that (ii) soil moisture inferred from remote sensors will equal the predictive power precipitation data, and that (iii) combining climatic and remote sensing will improve mushroom yield models. We found that (i) previous year NDVI correlated (r = 0.41–0.6) with mushroom yields; (ii) soil moisture from remote sensors rivaled the predictive power of precipitation (r = 0.63–0.72); and (iii) primary production and climate variances were independent, thus the combination of climatic and remote sensing data improved models with mean R2adj as high as 0.629. On the light of these results, we propose as a working hypothesis that mushroom production might be modelled as a two step process. Previous year primary productivity would favour resource accumulation at tree level, potentially increasing resources for mycelia growth, climatic conditions during the fruiting season control the ability of mycelia to transform available resources into fruiting bodies.

中文翻译：

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地中海松林初级生产力和气候控制蘑菇产量

摘要 蘑菇作为野生食物发挥着供给生态系统服务的作用。这种资源的丰富性显示出很高的年度和年际变化，特别是在地中海生态系统中。气候条件被认为是促进蘑菇产量变异的主要因素，但一些证据表明，森林组成、年龄和生长也起着一定的作用。长期蘑菇生产数据集对于了解蘑菇生产力背后的因素至关重要。我们使用西班牙中部松树和樟子松森林 22 年和 24 年的蘑菇产量时间序列来评估气候和森林生产力对蘑菇产量的影响。我们将气候数据（降水和温度）和遥感数据（土壤湿度和归一化差异植被指数、NDVI、初级生产力的替代品）来模拟每个森林和具有经济利益的主要可食用物种（牛肝菌和 Lactarius deliciosus）的蘑菇产量。我们假设蘑菇产量与 (i) 从 NDVI 推断的森林初级生产力影响蘑菇产量有关，(ii) 从遥感器推断的土壤水分将等于预测能力降水数据，以及 (iii) 结合气候和遥感将改进蘑菇产量模型。我们发现 (i) 前一年 NDVI 与蘑菇产量相关 (r = 0.41–0.6)；(ii) 来自遥感器的土壤水分与降水的预测能力相媲美 (r = 0.63–0.72)；(iii) 初级生产和气候方差是独立的，因此气候和遥感数据的结合改进了模型，平均 R2adj 高达 0。629. 根据这些结果，我们提出一个可行的假设，即蘑菇生产可能被建模为一个两步过程。前一年的初级生产力将有利于树体水平的资源积累，潜在地增加菌丝体生长的资源，结果季节的气候条件控制着菌丝体将可用资源转化为子实体的能力。