Changes in the actin cytoskeleton are a primary mechanism mediating the morphological and functional plasticity that underlies learning and memory. The synaptic Ras homologous (Rho) guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) Kalirin and Trio have emerged as central regulators of actin dynamics at the synapse. The increased attention surrounding Kalirin and Trio stems from the growing evidence for their roles in the etiology of a wide range of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent findings revealing the unique and diverse functions of these paralog proteins in neurodevelopment, excitatory synaptic transmission, and plasticity. We additionally survey the growing literature implicating these proteins in various neurological disorders.

中文翻译：

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Kalirin 和 Trio：突触传递、可塑性和复杂脑部疾病中的 RhoGEF

肌动蛋白细胞骨架的变化是调节作为学习和记忆基础的形态和功能可塑性的主要机制。突触 Ras 同源 (Rho) 鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换因子 (GEF) Kalirin 和 Trio 已成为突触肌动蛋白动力学的中央调节剂。围绕 Kalirin 和 Trio 的越来越多的关注源于越来越多的证据表明它们在广泛的神经发育和神经退行性疾病的病因学中的作用。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了最近的发现，这些发现揭示了这些旁系同源蛋白在神经发育、兴奋性突触传递和可塑性中的独特和多样化功能。我们还调查了越来越多的文献，这些文献将这些蛋白质与各种神经系统疾病联系起来。