One of the most transformative events in the history of life on earth was the transition of plants from water to land approximately 470 million years ago. Within the Charophyte green algae, the closest living relatives of land plants, body plans have evolved from those that comprise simple unicells to those that are morphologically complex, large and multicellular. The Charophytes developed these broad ranging body plans by exploiting a range of one-dimensional and two-dimensional growth strategies to produce filaments, mats and branches. When plants were confronted with harsh conditions on land, they were required to make significant changes to the way they shaped their body plans. One of the fundamental developmental transitions that occurred was the evolution of three-dimensional growth and the acquisition of apical cells with three or more cutting faces. Plants subsequently developed a range of morphological adaptations (e.g. vasculature, roots, flowers, seeds) that enabled them to colonise progressively drier environments. 3D apical growth also evolved convergently in the brown algae, completely independently of the green lineage. This review summarises the evolving developmental complexities observed in the early divergent Charophytes all the way through to the earliest conquerors of land, and investigates 3D apical growth in the brown algae.

中文翻译：

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三维生长：促进植物陆地化的发展创新。


地球生命史上最具变革性的事件之一是大约 4.7 亿年前植物从水中转变为陆地。在轮藻类绿藻（与陆地植物最接近的近亲）中，其身体结构已从简单的单细胞进化为形态复杂、大型和多细胞的藻类。轮藻通过利用一系列一维和二维生长策略来产生细丝、垫子和树枝，从而制定了这些广泛的身体计划。当植物面临陆地上的恶劣条件时，它们需要对塑造身体计划的方式做出重大改变。发生的基本发育转变之一是三维生长的进化和具有三个或更多切割面的顶端细胞的获得。植物随后发展出一系列形态适应（例如维管系统、根、花、种子），使它们能够在逐渐干燥的环境中定居。 3D 顶端生长也在褐藻中趋同进化，完全独立于绿藻谱系。这篇综述总结了在早期发散的轮藻类一直到最早的陆地征服者中观察到的不断演变的发育复杂性，并研究了褐藻的 3D 顶端生长。