Abstract There is noticeable variation in male mate-seeking behavior among species of Brassolini butterflies. Males of Opsiphanes Doubleday and Caligo Hübner (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) species perform crepuscular displays along forest edges and in light gaps. While male Opsiphanes perform aerial displays, Caligo males perch and wait for receptive females. A comparison of five species of each genus suggests that male display behavior is associated with, and has likely influenced the evolution of their wing attributes and body design. Opsiphanes males have higher wing aspect ratio and more distal centroid position than congeneric females, suggesting that the energetic demands of aerial displays led to sexual dimorphism in wing morphology. In contrast, male and female Caligo generally showed similar wing morphology, which possibly results from the lower energy expenditure of perching behavior when compared with active flight. Likely due to a genetic correlation between sexes, female Opsiphanes and Caligo are more similar in wing morphology and body design to their congeneric males than to each other. Based on our analyses, we make predictions about reproductive behavior for four species in which male mating displays are unknown.

中文翻译：

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Opsiphanes 和 Caligo 蝴蝶的翅膀形态和身体设计符合雄性交配展示的需求（鳞翅目：蛱蝶科）

摘要 Brassolini 蝴蝶的雄性寻偶行为存在显着差异。Opsiphanes Doubleday 和 Caligo Hübner（鳞翅目，蛱蝶科）物种的雄性沿着森林边缘和光隙进行黄昏展示。当雄性 Oppsiphanes 进行空中表演时，Caligo 雄性栖息并等待接受的雌性。每个属的五个物种的比较表明，雄性展示行为与其翅膀属性和身体设计的进化有关，并可能影响了它们的进化。Opsiphanes 雄性比同类雌性具有更高的翅膀纵横比和更远的质心位置，这表明空中展示的能量需求导致了翅膀形态的两性异形。相比之下，雄性和雌性 Caligo 普遍表现出相似的翅膀形态，这可能是由于与主动飞行相比，栖息行为的能量消耗较低。可能由于性别之间的遗传相关性，雌性 Opsiphanes 和 Caligo 在翅膀形态和身体设计上与其同类雄性更相似，而不是彼此相似。根据我们的分析，我们对雄性交配表现未知的四种物种的生殖行为进行了预测。