Abstract Little is known about the diversity of adenoviruses in wild birds and how they have evolved and are maintained in complex ecosystems. In this study, 409 samples were collected from woodland birds caught for banding (droppings), birds submitted to a wildlife hospital (droppings and tissues), silver gulls (droppings or tissues), and feral pigeons (Columbia livia; oral, cloacal swabs, or tissues) from the Greater Sydney area in NSW, Australia. Additional samples were from native pigeons and doves (swabs) presented to the Healesville Sanctuary, VIC, Australia. Samples were screened for adenovirus DNA using degenerate primers and polymerase chain reaction. Adenovirus sequences were detected in eighty-three samples representing thirty-five novel amino acid sequences. Fourteen novel sequences were atadenoviruses, seven were aviadenoviruses, twelve were siadenoviruses, and one was a mastadenovirus. Sequences from passerine birds were predominately found to form a single lineage within the atadenoviruses, a second lineage in the siadenoviruses, and a third smaller aviadenovirus lineage. These viruses appeared to have co-evolved with a diverse group of woodland birds that share similar habitat. Evidence for host/virus co-evolution in some viruses and a wide host range in others was observed. A high prevalence of adenovirus infection was found in rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus), galahs (Eolophus roseicapilla), and sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita). Sequences were either identical to or mapped to already established lineages in the Aviadenovirus, Siadenovirus, and Atadenovirus genera, suggesting a possible origin of the psittacine adenoviruses in ancestral Australian psittacine birds. The sequences of passerine and psittacine origin provided insight into diversity and structure of the Atadenovirus genus and demonstrated for the first-time viruses of passerine origin in the Aviadenovirus genus. Four unrelated adenovirus sequences were found in silver gull samples (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae), including one of pigeon origin, suggesting environmental virus exposure. Three pigeon adenovirus types were detected in feral pigeons and infection prevalence was high. Evidence for host switching between invasive species and native species and native species and invasive species was documented. A variant of a murine adenovirus was detected in kidney tissue from two bird species suggesting mouse to bird transmission.

中文翻译：

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野生本地和入侵鸟类的机会取样揭示了澳大利亚腺病毒的丰富多样性

摘要 关于野生鸟类中腺病毒的多样性以及它们如何在复杂的生态系统中进化和维持知之甚少。在这项研究中，从捕获的林地鸟类（粪便）、送至野生动物医院的鸟类（粪便和组织）、银鸥（粪便或组织）和野鸽（Columbia livia；口腔、泄殖腔拭子、或纸巾）来自澳大利亚新南威尔士州的大悉尼地区。其他样本来自澳大利亚维多利亚州希尔斯维尔保护区的本地鸽子和鸽子（拭子）。使用简并引物和聚合酶链反应筛选样品的腺病毒 DNA。在代表 35 个新氨基酸序列的 83 个样品中检测到腺病毒序列。十四个新序列是阿塔腺病毒，七个是禽腺病毒，十二种是唾液腺病毒，一种是乳腺病毒。主要发现来自雀鸟的序列在腺病毒中形成单一谱系，在唾液腺病毒中形成第二谱系，以及第三个较小的禽腺病毒谱系。这些病毒似乎与拥有相似栖息地的多种林地鸟类共同进化。观察到一些病毒中宿主/病毒共同进化的证据，而另一些病毒则观察到了广泛的宿主范围。在彩虹吸蜜鹦鹉 (Trichoglossus haematodus)、galahs (Eolophus roseicapilla) 和硫凤头鹦鹉 (Cacatua galerita) 中发现腺病毒感染率很高。序列与禽腺病毒、锡耶德诺病毒和 Atadenovirus 属中已经建立的谱系相同或映射，这表明鹦鹉嘴腺病毒可能起源于澳大利亚鹦鹉嘴鸟的祖先。雀斑和鹦鹉来源的序列提供了对 Atadenovirus 属的多样性和结构的深入了解，并证明了鸟腺病毒属中首次出现雀斑来源的病毒。在银鸥样本（Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae）中发现了四种不相关的腺病毒序列，其中一种来源于鸽子，表明环境病毒暴露。在野鸽中检测到三种鸽腺病毒，感染率高。记录了入侵物种和本地物种以及本地物种和入侵物种之间宿主转换的证据。在两种鸟类的肾脏组织中检测到鼠腺病毒的一种变体，表明小鼠与鸟类之间的传播。