The main causes of failure of orthopedic implants are infection and poor bone ingrowth. Surface modification of the implants to allow for long‐term antibacterial and osteogenic functions is an effective solution to prevent failure of the implants. We developed silver‐rich TiN/Ag nano‐multilayers on the surface of titanium alloy with different doses of Ag⁺. The antibacterial stability and osteogenesis of the silver‐rich surface were determined by evaluating the adhesion and proliferation of Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, extracellular matrix mineralization, and the expression level of genes involved in osteogenic differentiation of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The results demonstrated that the antibacterial rates (Ra) of 5 × 10¹⁶‐Ag, 1 × 10¹⁷‐Ag, 5 × 10¹⁷‐Ag, and 1 × 10¹⁸‐Ag were respectively 46.21%, 85.66%, 94.99%, 98.48%, and 99.99%. After subcutaneous implantation in rats or immersion in phosphate buffered saline for up to 12 weeks, the silver‐rich surface of the titanium alloy showed long‐term stable inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that the Ag‐implanted titanium did not show apparent cytotoxicity and that lower Ag⁺ implanted groups (5 × 10¹⁶‐Ag, 1 × 10¹⁷‐Ag) had better viability and biological safety when compared with higher Ag⁺ implanted groups. In addition, when compared with the Ti6Al4V‐group, all Ag‐implanted groups exhibited enhanced osteogenic indicators in rat BMSCs. Regarding osteogenic indicators, the surfaces of the 5 × 10¹⁷‐Ag group had better osteogenic effects than those of other groups. Therefore, the proper dose of Ag⁺ implanted TiN/Ag nano‐multilayers may be one of the options for the hard tissue replacement materials with antibacterial activity and osteogenic functions.

中文翻译：

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富银TiN/Ag改性钛合金表面大鼠间充质干细胞成骨及表皮葡萄球菌长效抗菌活性研究[J].

骨科植入物失败的主要原因是感染和骨长入不良。植入物的表面改性以实现长期的抗菌和成骨功能是防止植入物失效的有效解决方案。我们在具有不同 Ag ⁺剂量的钛合金表面开发了富银 TiN/Ag 纳米多层膜。通过评估表皮葡萄球菌的粘附和增殖来确定富银表面的抗菌稳定性和成骨作用，以及大鼠骨间充质干细胞（BMSCs）的粘附、增殖、碱性磷酸酶活性、细胞外基质矿化和参与成骨分化的基因表达水平。结果表明，5 × 10 ¹⁶ -Ag、1 × 10 ¹⁷ -Ag、5 × 10 ¹⁷ -Ag和1 × 10 ¹⁸ -Ag的抗菌率（Ra）分别为46.21%、85.66%、94.99%、 98.48% 和 99.99%。在大鼠皮下植入或在磷酸盐缓冲盐水中浸泡长达 12 周后，钛合金的富银表面显示出对表皮葡萄球菌的长期稳定抑制. 此外，体外和体内研究表明，Ag 植入的钛没有表现出明显的细胞毒性，与较低的 Ag ⁺植入组（5 × 10 ¹⁶ -Ag、1 × 10 ¹⁷ -Ag）相比，具有更好的生存力和生物安全性。具有较高的 Ag ⁺植入组。此外，与 Ti6Al4V 组相比，所有 Ag 植入组在大鼠 BMSCs 中均表现出增强的成骨指标。在成骨指标方面，5×10 ¹⁷ ‐Ag 组的表面具有比其他组更好的成骨效果。因此，适当剂量的Ag ⁺ 植入的 TiN/Ag 纳米多层膜可能是具有抗菌活性和成骨功能的硬组织替代材料的选择之一。