Abstract Vulnerability of respiratory mucosa to invasions of airborne pathogens, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and avian viruses which sometimes cause a life-threatening epidemic and even pandemic, underscores significance of developing a pulmonary vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS). Herein, 30-nm aluminum nanoparticles (ANs), unlike the mostly used adjuvant alum which is unsuitable for delivering pulmonary vaccines due to side effects, proved able to act as a VADS fitting inhalation immunization to elicit wide-spread anti-antigen immunity. In vitro ANs facilitated cellular uptake of their cargos and, after pulmonary vaccination, induced mouse production of high levels of anti-antigen IgG in serum and IgA in saliva, nasal, bronchoalveolar and also vaginal fluids. Besides, IFN-γ and anti-antigen IgG2a enriched in immunized mice which meanwhile showed no obvious lung inflammation indicated balanced Th1/Th2 responses were safely induced. These outcomes suggest ANs may be an efficient pulmonary VADS for defending against pathogens, especially, the ones invading hosts via respiratory system. Graphic Abstract Aluminum nanoparticles can safely induce humoral and cellular immunity at systemic and mucosal level through pulmonary vaccination to contrast the conventional adjuvant alum.

中文翻译：

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作为肺疫苗辅助递送系统 (VADS) 的铝纳米颗粒能够安全地引发强大的全身和粘膜免疫。

摘要呼吸道黏膜易受空气传播病原体的侵袭，例如 SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV 和禽病毒，这些病原体有时会导致危及生命的流行病甚至大流行，这凸显了开发肺疫苗佐剂递送系统 (VADS) 的重要性。在此，30 nm 铝纳米颗粒 (ANs) 与大多数使用的佐剂明矾不同，后者由于副作用而不适于递送肺部疫苗，它被证明能够作为 VADS 适合吸入免疫以引发广泛的抗抗原免疫。体外 AN 促进了其货物的细胞摄取，并且在肺部疫苗接种后，诱导小鼠在血清中产生高水平的抗抗原 IgG，在唾液、鼻腔、支气管肺泡和阴道液中产生高水平的 IgA。除了，免疫小鼠中富集的 IFN-γ 和抗抗原 IgG2a 同时未表现出明显的肺部炎症表明安全地诱导了平衡的 Th1/Th2 反应。这些结果表明，ANs 可能是一种有效的肺 VADS，用于防御病原体，尤其是通过呼吸系统入侵宿主的病原体。Graphic Abstract 与传统的佐剂明矾相比，铝纳米粒子可以通过肺部疫苗接种在全身和黏膜水平安全地诱导体液和细胞免疫。