Bottom-up paradigms prioritize empirical data from which to derive conceptualizations of psychopathology. These paradigms use multivariate statistics to identify syndromes of problems that tend to co-occur plus higher-order groupings such as those designated as internalizing and externalizing. Bottom-up assessment instruments obtain self-ratings and collateral ratings of behavioral, emotional, social, and thought problems and strengths for ages 1½-90+. Ratings of population samples provide norms for syndrome and higher-order scales for each gender, at different ages, rated by different informants, in relation to multicultural norms. The normed assessment instruments operationalize the empirically derived syndromes and higher-order groupings for applications to clinical services, research, and training. Because cross-informant agreement is modest and no single informant provides comprehensive assessment data, software compares ratings by different informants. Top-down paradigms prioritize conceptual representations of the nature and structure of psychopathology, as exemplified by psychodynamic, DSM/ICD, and HiTOP paradigms. Although these paradigms originated with observations, they tend to prioritize conceptual representations over empirical data.

中文翻译：

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精神病理学的自下而上和自上而下的范式：半个世纪的奥德赛。

自下而上的范式优先考虑从中得出精神病理学概念的经验数据。这些范式使用多变量统计来识别倾向于同时发生的问题的综合征以及更高阶的分组，例如那些被指定为内化和外化的分组。自下而上的评估工具获得 1½-90 岁以上的行为、情绪、社交和思想问题和优势的自我评级和附带评级。人口样本的评级为每个性别、不同年龄、由不同信息提供者评级、与多元文化规范相关的综合征和高阶量表提供了规范。规范化评估工具将经验派生的综合征和高阶分组操作化，以应用于临床服务、研究和培训。由于跨线人的一致性适中且没有单一线人提供全面的评估数据，因此软件会比较不同线人的评分。自上而下的范式优先考虑精神病理学的性质和结构的概念表征，例如心理动力学、DSM/ICD 和 HiTOP 范式。尽管这些范式起源于观察，但它们倾向于将概念表示优先于经验数据。