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The seventh macronutrient: how sodium shortfall ramifies through populations, food webs and ecosystems.
Ecology Letters ( IF 7.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-07 , DOI: 10.1111/ele.13517
Michael Kaspari 1
Affiliation  

Of the 25 elements required to build most organisms, sodium has a unique set of characteristics that ramify through terrestrial ecology. In plants, sodium is found in low concentrations and has little metabolic function; in plant consumers, particularly animals, sodium is essential to running costly Na‐K ATPases. Here I synthesise a diverse literature from physiology, agronomy and ecology, towards identifying sodium’s place as the ‘7th macronutrient’, one whose shortfall targets two trophic levels – herbivores and detritivores. I propose that sodium also plays a central, though unheralded role in herbivore digestion, via its importance to maintaining microbiomes and denaturing tannins. I highlight how sodium availability is a key determinant of consumer abundance and the geography of herbivory and detritivory. And I propose a re‐appraisal of the assumption that, because sodium is metabolically unimportant to most plants, it is of little use. Instead, I suggest that sodium’s critical role in limiting herbivore performance makes it a commodity used by plants to manipulate their herbivores and mutualists, and by consumers like bison and elephants to generate grazing lawns: dependable sources of sodium.

中文翻译:

第七种常量营养素:钠短缺如何通过人口,食物网和生态系统来解决。

构成大多数生物所需的25种元素中,钠具有一系列独特的特性,这些特性会通过陆地生态产生影响。在植物中,发现钠的浓度很低,并且几乎没有代谢功能。在植物消费者(尤其是动物)中,钠对于运行昂贵的Na‐K ATP酶至关重要。在这里,我综合了从生理学,农学和生态学到将钠的位置确定为“第七大营养素”的各种文献,该文献的不足之处是针对两个营养水平-草食动物和杀真菌剂。我认为钠在草食动物消化中也起着中心作用,尽管这是未曾有过的作用,因为它对维持微生物群和使单宁变性具有重要意义。我着重指出钠的可利用性是决定消费者数量以及草食和破坏性地理的关键因素。我建议重新评估以下假设:由于钠在大多数植物中在代谢上都不重要,因此几乎没有用。相反,我建议钠在限制草食动物性能方面的关键作用使其成为植物操纵其草食动物和互惠生以及像野牛和象这样的消费者产生放牧草坪的商品:钠的可靠来源。
更新日期:2020-05-07
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