Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus), the second largest baleen whale and an endangered species, occur worldwide and are found in all major oceans (Reilly et al., 2013). Fin whales produce two main types of stereotypical, frequency downswept, high-amplitude, short duration (<1 s) calls, that are known by their primary frequencies as “20-Hz” and “40-Hz” calls (Širovi c, Williams, Kerosky, Wiggins, & Hildebrand, 2013; Watkins, 1981). The 20-Hz calls may have reduced bandwidth of ~1 Hz and also may include higher frequency components at 135–140 Hz (Castellote, Clark, & Lammers, 2012). The 20-Hz calls are the most commonly reported fin whale sound, and may serve a social purpose for establishing and maintaining contact when produced in irregular sequences (Edds-Walton, 1997) or as a reproductive function when produced by males in regular sequences forming song (Croll et al., 2002). The 40-Hz call occurs in irregular sequences and is more common during the summer, but its social context is not well understood (Širovi c et al., 2013; Watkins, 1981). Fin whale dive behavior has been described as two types: short dives of 2–6 min and longer dives of 6–14 min or longer (Goldbogen et al., 2006; Stimpert et al., 2015; Watkins, 1981). Both the 40-Hz call, and single 20-Hz calls, are produced more often during long dives (Stimpert et al., 2015; Watkins, 1981), and at times when several whales are diving near each other. During these dives, sequences of 5–10 calls are produced, apparently by more than one animal, based on the character of the calls. Typically, calls are not produced when fin whales are at the surface, leading to longer time gaps between successive calls in a call sequence. The 20-Hz call source sound pressure level (SL) has been reported as high as 189 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m (rms) (Širovi c, Hildebrand, & Wiggins, 2007; Weirathmueller, Wilcock, & Soule, 2013), allowing the call to be detected at long distances (10s of km) and to be localized and tracked using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) techniques (McDonald, Hildebrand, & Webb, 1995; Soule & Wilcock, 2013; Varga, Wiggins, & Hildebrand, 2018; Weirathmueller et al., 2013; Wilcock, 2012). Call localization allows SLs to be estimated, an important parameter for estimating detection probability and population densities from PAM using distance sampling techniques (Hildebrand et al., 2015; Marques, Thomas, Ward, DiMarzio, & Tyack, 2009), and successive localizations result in tracks, providing Received: 11 March 2019 Accepted: 10 January 2020

中文翻译：

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使用声学跟踪阵列研究长须鲸 40-Hz 呼叫行为

长须鲸（Balaenoptera physalus）是第二大须鲸，也是一种濒临灭绝的物种，分布于世界各地，在所有主要海洋中均有发现（Reilly 等，2013）。长须鲸会发出两种主要类型的刻板印象、频率下扫、高振幅、短持续时间 (<1 s) 的叫声，它们的主要频率称为“20-Hz”和“40-Hz”叫声（Širovi c, Williams , Kerosky、Wiggins 和 Hildebrand，2013 年；沃特金斯，1981 年）。20-Hz 呼叫的带宽可能减少了约 1 Hz，并且还可能包括 135-140 Hz 的更高频率分量（Castellote、Clark 和 Lammers，2012 年）。20 赫兹的叫声是最常报告的长须鲸的声音，当以不规则的顺序产生时，它可能用于建立和维持联系的社会目的（Edds-Walton，1997) 或作为由雄性以形成歌曲的规则序列产生时的生殖功能 (Croll 等人, 2002)。40 赫兹的叫声以不规则的顺序出现，在夏季更为常见，但其社会背景尚不清楚（Širovi c 等人，2013 年；Watkins，1981 年）。长须鲸的潜水行为被描述为两种类型：2-6 分钟的短潜水和 6-14 分钟或更长的长时间潜水（Goldbogen 等人，2006 年；Stimpert 等人，2015 年；Watkins，1981 年）。40 赫兹的叫声和单次 20 赫兹的叫声，在长时间潜水（Stimpert 等人，2015 年；沃特金斯，1981 年）以及几头鲸鱼彼此靠近潜水时产生的频率更高。在这些潜水过程中，根据呼叫的特征，会产生 5 到 10 次呼叫序列，显然是由不止一只动物发出的。通常，当长须鲸浮出水面时，不会发出叫声，导致调用序列中连续调用之间的时间间隔更长。据报道，20 Hz 呼叫源声压级 (SL) 在 1 m (rms) 处高达 189 dB re 1 μPa（Širovi c、Hildebrand 和 Wiggins，2007 年；Weirathmueller、Wilcock 和 Soule，2013 年），允许远距离（10 公里）检测到呼叫，并使用被动声学监测 (PAM) 技术进行定位和跟踪（McDonald、Hildebrand 和 Webb，1995 年；Soule 和 Wilcock，2013 年；Varga、Wiggins 和 Hildebrand ，2018 年；Weirathmueller 等人，2013 年；威尔科克，2012 年）。呼叫定位允许估计 SL，这是使用距离采样技术从 PAM 估计检测概率和种群密度的重要参数（Hildebrand 等人，2015 年；Marques、Thomas、Ward、DiMarzio 和 Tyack，2009 年），