In light of escalating threats to biodiversity, conflicts between humans and large carnivores in production landscapes must be resolved. We explore how interactions between humans, large carnivores, and livestock can be modified to promote coexistence. We identify four rationales for building coexistence capacities in extensive rangeland livestock production systems: (1) livestock production is a dominant terrestrial land use; (2) large carnivores provide critical contributions to ecological functions; (3) the persecution of large carnivores has high ethical, welfare, reputational and social costs; and (4) a growing body of evidence shows that lethal control can be counterproductive to reducing predation risk. Two key leverage points to foster human-carnivore coexistence are the adoption of preventive non-lethal innovations, and the creation of an enabling environment. Leverage points must be appropriate at the local landscape scale and contribute towards global efforts to conserve large carnivores.

中文翻译：

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在广泛的放牧系统中向人类与大型食肉动物共存过渡。

鉴于对生物多样性的威胁不断升级，必须解决生产环境中人类与大型食肉动物之间的冲突。我们探索如何改变人类、大型食肉动物和牲畜之间的相互作用以促进共存。我们确定了在广泛的牧场畜牧生产系统中建设共存能力的四个理由：（1）畜牧生产是主要的陆地土地利用；(2) 大型食肉动物对生态功能做出了重要贡献；(3) 对大型食肉动物的迫害具有很高的道德、福利、声誉和社会成本；(4) 越来越多的证据表明，致命控制可能对降低捕食风险起反作用。促进人类与食肉动物共存的两个关键杠杆点是采用预防性非致命性创新，和创造有利的环境。杠杆点必须适合当地景观规模，并有助于全球保护大型食肉动物的努力。