OBJECTIVE In three studies, we explore the impact of response bias, symptom validity, and psychological factors on the self-report form of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) and the relationship between self-reported executive functioning (EF) and objective performance. METHOD Each study pulled from a sample of 123 veterans who were administered a BRIEF-A and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) during a neuropsychological evaluation. Participants were primarily middle-aged, and half carried a mood disorder diagnosis. Study 1 examined group differences in BRIEF-A ratings among valid, invalid, and indeterminate MMPI-2 responders. Analyses were conducted to determine the optimal cut-score for the BRIEF-A Negativity Validity scale. In Study 2, relationships were explored among MMPI-2-RF (restructured form) Restructured Clinical (RC) scales, somatic/cognitive scales, and the BRIEF-A Metacognition Index (MI); hierarchical analyses were performed to predict MI using MMPI-2-RF Demoralization (RCd) and specific RC scales. Study 3 correlated BRIEF-A clinical scales and indices with RCd and an EF composite score from neuropsychological testing. Hierarchical analyses were conducted to predict BRIEF-A clinical scales. RESULTS Invalid performance on the MMPI-2 resulted in significantly elevated scores on the BRIEF-A compared to those with valid responding. A more stringent cut-score of ≥4 for the BRIEF-A Negativity scale is more effective at identifying invalid symptom reporting. The BRIEF-A MI is most strongly correlated with demoralization. BRIEF-A indices and scales are largely unrelated to objective EF performance. CONCLUSIONS In a veteran sample, responses on the BRIEF-A are most representative of generalized emotional distress and response bias, not actual EF abilities.

中文翻译：

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在退伍军人样本中，执行功能®-成人版的行为评定量表与情绪困扰有关，而非执行功能障碍

目的在三项研究中，我们探讨了反应偏倚、症状效度和心理因素对成人版执行功能行为评定量表（BRIEF-A）自我报告表的影响以及自我报告执行功能之间的关系(EF) 和客观表现。方法 每项研究都从 123 名退伍军人的样本中提取，这些退伍军人在神经心理学评估期间接受了 BRIEF-A 和明尼苏达多相人格量表-2 (MMPI-2)。参与者主要是中年人，其中一半被诊断为情绪障碍。研究 1 检验了有效、无效和不确定的 MMPI-2 响应者之间的 BRIEF-A 等级差异。进行分析以确定BRIEF-A消极有效性量表的最佳分值。在研究 2 中，探讨了 MMPI-2-RF（重组形式）重组临床（RC）量表、躯体/认知量表和BRIEF-A 元认知指数（MI）之间的关系；使用 MMPI-2-RF 士气化 (RCd) 和特定 RC 量表进行分层分析以预测 MI。研究 3 将BRIEF-A 临床量表和指数与来自神经心理学测试的RCd 和EF 综合评分相关联。进行分层分析以预测BRIEF-A临床量表。结果 MMPI-2 上的无效表现导致与有效响应的那些相比，BRIEF-A 上的分数显着提高。对于BRIEF-A阴性量表，更严格的≥4分值在识别无效症状报告方面更有效。Brief-A MI 与士气低落的相关性最强。Brief-A 指数和量表在很大程度上与客观 EF 表现无关。结论 在资深样本中，BRIEF-A 上的反应最能代表普遍的情绪困扰和反应偏差，而不是实际的 EF 能力。