Soil phosphorus (P) is a major driver of forest development and a critically limited nutrient in tropical soils, especially when topsoil is removed by mining. This nutrient can be present in soils in the form of different fractions, which have direct consequences for P availability to plants and, consequently, for restoration success. Therefore, understanding how the stocks of different soil P fractions change over the restoration process can be essential for guiding restoration interventions, monitoring, and adaptive management. Here, we investigated the recovery of soil P fractions by forest restoration interventions on bauxite mine sites in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We assessed the concentration of different fractions of soil organic and inorganic P at (1) a bauxite mine prepared for restoration; (2) two former bauxite mines undergoing forest restoration for 6 and 24 years; and (3) an old‐growth forest remnant. Overall, restored areas recovered levels of labile organic P (P_o‐NaHCO₃) at 5–40 cm and of moderately labile organic P (P_o‐NaOH) at different depths, exhibiting concentrations similar to those found in a conserved forest. The use of P‐rich fertilizers and forest topsoil may have greatly contributed to this outcome. Some other fractions, however, recovered only after 24 years of restoration. Other inorganic P fractions did not differ among mined, restored, and conserved sites: nonlabile P_i (residual P and P‐HCl), labile P_i (P_i‐NaHCO₃), and moderately labile P_i (P_i‐NaOH). Forest restoration was able to promote efficient recovery of important soil P fractions, highlighting the value of restoration efforts to mitigate soil degradation by mining.

中文翻译：

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通过热带森林恢复在原铝土矿上回收土壤磷

土壤磷（P）是森林发展​​的主要驱动力，并且是热带土壤中极为有限的养分，尤其是当采矿去除表土时。这种养分可以以不同部分的形式存在于土壤中，这直接影响到植物体内磷的有效利用，并因此对恢复成功产生直接影响。因此，了解不同土壤P组分的存量在恢复过程中如何变化对于指导恢复干预措施，监测和适应性管理至关重要。在这里，我们调查了在巴西大西洋森林的铝土矿站点上通过森林恢复干预措施回收的土壤P组分。我们评估了（1）准备恢复的铝土矿中不同比例的土壤有机磷和无机磷的浓度；（2）两家以前的铝土矿正经历森林恢复长达6年和24年；（3）旧有的森林残留物。总体而言，恢复区恢复了不稳定有机磷的水平（P_{o –} NaHCO ₃）在5–40 cm处，以及在不同深度的中等不稳定的有机P（P _o -NaOH），其浓度与保护林中的浓度相似。富含磷的肥料和森林表土的使用可能极大地促进了这一结果。但是，其他一些部分仅在恢复24年后才恢复。在开采，恢复和保存的地点之间，其他无机P分数没有差异：非不稳定的P _i（残留的P和P-HCl），不稳定的P _i（P _i- NaHCO ₃）和中等不稳定的P _i（P _i‐NaOH）。森林恢复能够促进重要土壤P组分的有效恢复，突出了恢复工作的价值，可减轻采矿造成的土壤退化。