Fewer than 1% of vertebrate species are hermaphroditic, and essentially all of these are fishes. Four types of hermaphroditism are known in fishes: simultaneous (or synchronous) hermaphroditism (SH), protandry (male-to-female sex change; PA), protogyny (female-to-male sex change; PG), and bidirectional sex change (BS or reversed sex change in protogynous species). Here we present an annotated list of hermaphroditic fish species from a comprehensive review and careful re-examination of all primary literature. We confirmed functional hermaphroditism in more than 450 species in 41 families of 17 teleost orders. PG is the most abundant type (305 species of 20 families), and the others are much less abundant, BS in 66 species of seven families, SH in 55 species of 13 families, and PA in 54 species of 14 families. The recently proposed phylogenetic tree indicated that SH and PA have evolved several times in not-closely related lineages of Teleostei but that PG (and BS) has evolved only in four lineages of Percomorpha. Examination of the relation between hermaphroditism type and mating system in each species mostly supported the size-advantage model that predicts the evolution of sequential hermaphroditism. Finally, intraspecific variations in sexual pattern are discussed in relation to population density, which may cause variation in mating system.

中文翻译：

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鱼类的雌雄同体：物种、系统发育和交配系统的注释清单

不到 1% 的脊椎动物物种是雌雄同体的，而且基本上所有这些都是鱼类。在鱼类中已知有四种类型的雌雄同体：同时（或同步）雌雄同体（SH）、前体（雄性变雌性；PA）、雌性（雌性变雄性；PG）和双向性变（ BS 或原始物种的反向性别变化）。在这里，我们通过对所有主要文献的全面审查和仔细重新检查，提供了一份带注释的雌雄同体鱼类列表。我们在 17 个硬骨鱼目 41 个科的 450 多个物种中证实了功能性雌雄同体。PG是最丰富的类型（20科305种），其他种类较少，BS 7科66种，SH 13科55种，PA 14科54种。最近提出的系统发育树表明，SH 和 PA 在 Teleostei 的非密切相关谱系中进化了几次，但 PG（和 BS）仅在 Percomorpha 的四个谱系中进化。对每个物种中雌雄同体类型和交配系统之间关系的检查大多支持预测连续雌雄同体进化的大小优势模型。最后，讨论了与种群密度相关的性模式的种内变化，这可能导致交配系统的变化。对每个物种中雌雄同体类型和交配系统之间关系的检查大多支持预测连续雌雄同体进化的大小优势模型。最后，讨论了与种群密度相关的性模式的种内变化，这可能导致交配系统的变化。对每个物种中雌雄同体类型和交配系统之间关系的检查大多支持预测连续雌雄同体进化的大小优势模型。最后，讨论了与种群密度相关的性模式的种内变化，这可能导致交配系统的变化。