Glyphosate is the most used herbicide worldwide, which has contributed to concerns about its environmental impact. Compared with most other herbicides, glyphosate has a half-life in soil and water that is relatively short (averaging about 30 d in temperate climates), mostly due to microbial degradation. Its primary microbial product, aminomethylphosphonic acid, is slightly more persistent than glyphosate. In soil, glyphosate is virtually biologically inactive due to its strong binding to soil components. Glyphosate does not bioaccumulate in organisms, largely due to its high water solubility. Glyphosate-resistant crops have greatly facilitated reduced-tillage agriculture, thereby reducing soil loss, soil compaction, carbon dioxide emissions, and fossil fuel use. Agricultural economists have projected that loss of glyphosate would result in increased cropping area, some gained by deforestation, and an increase in environmental impact quotient of weed management. Some drift doses of glyphosate to non-target plants can cause increased plant growth (hormesis) and/or increased susceptibility to plant pathogens, although these non-target effects are not well documented. The preponderance of evidence confirms that glyphosate does not harm plants by interfering with mineral nutrition and that it has no agriculturally significant effects on soil microbiota. Glyphosate has a lower environmental impact quotient than most synthetic herbicide alternatives.

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草甘膦：环境命运和影响

草甘膦是全球使用最多的除草剂，这引起了人们对其环境影响的担忧。与大多数其他除草剂相比，草甘膦在土壤和水中的半衰期相对较短（在温带气候下平均约为 30 天），主要是由于微生物降解。它的主要微生物产物氨基甲基膦酸比草甘膦稍持久。在土壤中，草甘膦几乎没有生物活性，因为它与土壤成分的结合力很强。草甘膦不会在生物体内蓄积，这主要是由于它的高水溶性。抗草甘膦作物极大地促进了减耕农业，从而减少了土壤流失、土壤板结、二氧化碳排放和化石燃料的使用。农业经济学家预测，草甘膦的损失将导致种植面积增加，一些因森林砍伐而增加，以及杂草管理的环境影响商增加。一些草甘膦对非目标植物的漂移剂量会导致植物生长增加（兴奋）和/或对植物病原体的易感性增加，尽管这些非目标效应没有得到很好的记录。大量证据证实，草甘膦不会通过干扰矿物质营养来伤害植物，并且它对土壤微生物群没有农业上的显着影响。与大多数合成除草剂替代品相比，草甘膦的环境影响系数更低。一些草甘膦对非目标植物的漂移剂量会导致植物生长增加（兴奋）和/或对植物病原体的易感性增加，尽管这些非目标效应没有得到很好的记录。大量证据证实，草甘膦不会通过干扰矿物质营养来伤害植物，并且它对土壤微生物群没有农业上的显着影响。与大多数合成除草剂替代品相比，草甘膦的环境影响系数更低。一些草甘膦对非目标植物的漂移剂量会导致植物生长增加（兴奋）和/或对植物病原体的易感性增加，尽管这些非目标效应没有得到很好的记录。大量证据证实，草甘膦不会通过干扰矿物质营养来伤害植物，并且它对土壤微生物群没有农业上的显着影响。与大多数合成除草剂替代品相比，草甘膦的环境影响系数更低。