South American countries are important agricultural players worldwide. Pesticides are key components of their production systems and, in some cases, complement environmentally sound systems, such as no-till, which contributes to preserving soil productivity. In this review, presented in the symposium Global Perspective on Herbicides Being Banned during the 2019 Weed Science Society of America meeting, we describe the regulatory framework and current situation of restricted and banned herbicides in South America. We also discuss where the pressure for herbicide bans is coming from and the opportunities for improving herbicide use and public perception. Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay were chosen as representative countries of the region. They all have regulatory systems in place for pesticide registration and reevaluation based on science. Glyphosate, paraquat, and some 2,4-D formulations are in the spotlight. Glyphosate is being reevaluated in Brazil and, although banned within the city limits in some cities in Argentina and Uruguay, it can still be used in agriculture. Paraquat is prohibited for aerial applications in Colombia and is the only herbicide that needs a professional prescription in Uruguay. It was reevaluated in Brazil, resulting in a use-restriction phase in effect until 2020, when it will be permanently banned. Ester formulations of 2,4-D have been banned in Brazil since the early 2000s and have restrictions in some provinces in Argentina, where 2,4-D butyl and isobutyl esters will be prohibited starting April 2021. In Uruguay, atrazine is the only herbicide banned for agricultural use. The regulatory frameworks ensure that herbicides on the market are effective and safe. Reevaluation is an important part of the system and is conducted when there are reasonable concerns. There are opportunities to continue training pesticide handlers and applicators and to communicate the importance of adopting the best management practices where herbicides are part of the production system.

中文翻译：

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南美洲除草剂监管现状和公众认知

南美国家是全球重要的农业参与者。农药是其生产系统的关键组成部分，在某些情况下，它是对环境无害系统的补充，例如免耕系统，有助于保持土壤生产力。在这篇综述中，我们在 2019 年美国杂草科学学会会议期间的全球除草剂被禁止展望研讨会上发表，我们描述了南美洲限制和禁止除草剂的监管框架和现状。我们还讨论了禁止除草剂的压力来自哪里，以及改善除草剂使用和公众认知的机会。阿根廷、巴西、哥伦比亚和乌拉圭被选为该地区的代表性国家。他们都有基于科学的农药登记和重新评估监管系统。草甘膦、百草枯和一些 2,4-D 制剂备受关注。巴西正在重新评估草甘膦，尽管阿根廷和乌拉圭的一些城市在城市范围内禁止使用草甘膦，但它仍可用于农业。百草枯在哥伦比亚被禁止用于空中应用，它是乌拉圭唯一需要专业处方的除草剂。它在巴西进行了重新评估，导致使用限制阶段一直有效到 2020 年，届时它将被永久禁止。自 2000 年代初以来，巴西已禁止使用 2,4-D 的酯制剂，并在阿根廷的一些省份进行了限制，从 2021 年 4 月起将禁止使用 2,4-D 丁酯和异丁酯。在乌拉圭，阿特拉津是唯一的禁止农用除草剂。监管框架确保市场上的除草剂是有效和安全的。重新评估是系统的重要组成部分，并在有合理担忧时进行。有机会继续培训农药操作员和施药者，并交流在除草剂是生产系统一部分的情况下采用最佳管理实践的重要性。