We discuss new developments in the nonequilibrium dynamics and thermodynamics of living systems, giving a few examples to demonstrate the importance of nonequilibrium thermodynamics for understanding biological dynamics and functions. We study single-molecule enzyme dynamics, in which the nonequilibrium thermodynamic and dynamic driving forces of chemical potential and flux are crucial for the emergence of non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics. We explore single-gene expression dynamics, in which nonequilibrium dissipation can suppress fluctuations. We investigate the cell cycle and identify the nutrition supply as the energy input that sustains the stability, speed, and coherence of cell cycle oscillation, from which the different vital phases of the cell cycle emerge. We examine neural decision-making processes and find the trade-offs among speed, accuracy, and thermodynamic costs that are important for neural function. Lastly, we consider the thermodynamic cost for specificity in cellular signaling and adaptation.

中文翻译：

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细胞生物学中的非平衡热力学：扩展平衡形式主义以涵盖生命系统。

我们讨论了生命系统非平衡动力学和热力学的新发展，并举了一些例子来说明非平衡热力学对理解生物动力学和功能的重要性。我们研究了单分子酶动力学，其中非平衡热力学以及化学势和通量的动态驱动力对于非Michaelis-Menten动力学的出现至关重要。我们探索单基因表达动力学，其中非平衡耗散可以抑制波动。我们调查细胞周期并将营养供应确定为能量输入，以维持细胞周期振荡的稳定性，速度和相干性，由此细胞周期的不同生命阶段就会出现。我们研究了神经决策过程，并在速度，精度和热力学成本对于神经功能至关重要。最后，我们考虑细胞信号转导和适应的特异性的热力学成本。