Anthropogenic disturbance has generated a significant loss of biodiversity worldwide and grazing by domestic herbivores is a contributing disturbance. Although the effects of grazing on plants are commonly explored, here we address the potential multi‐trophic effects on animal biodiversity (e.g. herbivores, pollinators and predators). We conducted a meta‐analysis on 109 independent studies that tested the response of animals or plants to livestock grazing relative to livestock excluded. Across all animals, livestock exclusion increased abundance and diversity, but these effects were greatest for trophic levels directly dependent on plants, such as herbivores and pollinators. Detritivores were the only trophic level whose abundance decreased with livestock exclusion. We also found that the number of years since livestock was excluded influenced the community and that the effects of grazer exclusion on animal diversity were strongest in temperate climates. These findings synthesise the effects of livestock grazing beyond plants and demonstrate the indirect impacts of livestock grazing on multiple trophic levels in the animal community. We identified the potentially long‐term impacts that livestock grazing can have on lower trophic levels and consequences for biological conservation. We also highlight the potentially inevitable cost to global biodiversity from livestock grazing that must be balanced against socio‐economic benefits.

中文翻译：

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牲畜放牧对生物多样性的影响是多营养的：荟萃分析。

人为干扰已在全球范围内造成生物多样性的显着丧失，而家养食草动物的放牧是造成干扰的原因。尽管通常探讨放牧对植物的影响，但我们在这里讨论了对动物生物多样性（例如食草动物、传粉者和捕食者）的潜在多营养影响。我们对 109 项独立研究进行了荟萃分析，这些研究测试了动物或植物相对于排除的牲畜对放牧的反应。在所有动物中，牲畜排除增加了丰度和多样性，但这些影响对于直接依赖于植物的营养水平（如食草动物和传粉媒介）而言最为显着。Detritivores 是唯一的营养级，其丰度随着牲畜的排除而减少。我们还发现，牲畜被排除在外的年数影响了社区，并且在温带气候中，放牧者排除对动物多样性的影响最强。这些发现综合了牲畜放牧对植物以外的影响，并证明了牲畜放牧对动物群落多个营养水平的间接影响。我们确定了牲畜放牧对较低营养水平的潜在长期影响以及对生物保护的影响。我们还强调了畜牧业对全球生物多样性造成的潜在不可避免的成本，必须与社会经济效益相平衡。这些发现综合了牲畜放牧对植物以外的影响，并证明了牲畜放牧对动物群落多个营养水平的间接影响。我们确定了牲畜放牧对较低营养水平的潜在长期影响以及对生物保护的影响。我们还强调了畜牧业对全球生物多样性造成的潜在不可避免的成本，必须与社会经济效益相平衡。这些发现综合了牲畜放牧对植物以外的影响，并证明了牲畜放牧对动物群落多个营养水平的间接影响。我们确定了牲畜放牧对较低营养水平的潜在长期影响以及对生物保护的影响。我们还强调了畜牧业对全球生物多样性造成的潜在不可避免的成本，必须与社会经济效益相平衡。