Non-human primates (NHPs) can adapt to conditions outside of their natural habitat and climatic ranges but this can be influenced by inherent evolutionary traits or plasticity of species that evolved in diverse environmental conditions. In this study, we investigated how five species of NHPs that have natural distributions across a range of climatic conditions responded to seasonal temperature changes in a captive environment. The activity levels of NHPs were affected by temperature changes over the season, where activity levels were generally reduced at the lower and higher temperature ranges. Species that are naturally found within narrower and warmer climatic ranges, compared to those found in colder environments with wider fluctuations in temperature, showed more marked changes in activity levels in response to temperature changes. In lower temperature conditions, three out of five species showed significantly lower activity levels; whereas in higher temperature conditions, the activity levels of all species did not significantly decrease. The frequency of thermoregulation behaviours was higher, and use of artificial thermoregulatory sources lower, for species that did not substantially adjust their activity levels in different temperature conditions. Our results suggest that NHPs largely retained the evolutionary traits related to thermoregulation, according to the different ambient conditions they evolved in and may have low behavioural plasticity in adapting to conditions outside of their natural ranges. These results provide insights for improving conservation and captive management and may have implications for understanding NHP resilience to the increasing impact of global climate change.

中文翻译：

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非人类灵长类动物对季节性温度波动的不同反应

非人类灵长类动物 (NHP) 可以适应其自然栖息地和气候范围之外的条件，但这会受到在不同环境条件下进化的物种的固有进化特征或可塑性的影响。在这项研究中，我们调查了在一系列气候条件下自然分布的五种 NHP 如何对圈养环境中的季节性温度变化做出反应。NHP 的活动水平受季节温度变化的影响，活动水平在较低和较高温度范围内普遍降低。与在温度波动较大的较冷环境中发现的物种相比，在较窄和较温暖的气候范围内自然发现的物种在响应温度变化时表现出更显着的活动水平变化。在较低温度条件下，五分之三的物种表现出显着较低的活性水平；而在较高温度条件下，所有物种的活动水平并未显着降低。对于在不同温度条件下没有实质性调整其活动水平的物种，体温调节行为的频率较高，而人工体温调节源的使用较少。我们的结果表明，NHPs 在很大程度上保留了与体温调节相关的进化特征，这取决于它们进化所处的不同环境条件，并且在适应其自然范围之外的条件时可能具有较低的行为可塑性。