Spark plasma extrusion is a new process that has recently shown superiority over spark plasma sintering for powder consolidation. This paper represents the first investigation of novel spark plasma extrusion (SPE) of titanium (Ti) powder. Extrusion temperature (above and below the β-transus) and initial Ti powder type were found to have a pronounced effect on the developed microstructures and properties. SPE conducted above the β-transus resulted in the formation of Widmanstatten microstructures in addition to martensitic α′ upon cooling, which ultimately lead to superior product hardness. SPE processing, microstructure, and properties were found to be affected by the initial Ti powder used, where dendritic Ti powder resulted generally in lower extrusion pressures and products of lower hardness, compared to irregular/angular Ti powder. The results also confirm the superiority of SPE over SPS for Ti (irrespective of initial Ti powder type or extrusion temperature) as related to mechanical behavior.

中文翻译：

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β-Transus 上方和下方钛的新型火花等离子体挤压：对微观结构和性能的影响

放电等离子体挤压是一种新工艺，最近在粉末固结方面表现出优于放电等离子体烧结。本文代表了对钛 (Ti) 粉末的新型放电等离子挤出 (SPE) 的首次研究。发现挤压温度（高于和低于 β-transus）和初始 Ti 粉末类型对开发的微观结构和性能有显着影响。在 β-transus 上方进行的 SPE 导致在冷却时形成 Widmanstatten 显微组织以及马氏体 α'，最终导致优异的产品硬度。发现 SPE 加工、微观结构和性能受最初使用的钛粉的影响，与不规则/有棱角的钛粉相比，树枝状钛粉通常会导致较低的挤出压力和较低的产品硬度。