The present work has studied the trends in pollen seasons of winter flowering trees ( Alnus, Cupressaceae, Fraxinus, Populus and Ulmus ) in Córdoba, Granada and Málaga (Andalusia, Spain) over the years 1994–2017. The influence of meteorological parameters on the seasonal airborne pollen has been also analyzed. Pollen concentrations were recorded using Hirst-type volumetric spore traps, following the standardized methodology of the Spanish Aerobiology Network and the European Aerobiology Society. The nonparametric Mann–Kendall test and the nonparametric Sen’s method have been used to study linear trends for pollen season timing and intensity, and for temperature and rainfall. Significance was determined using the F -test. Spearman analyses were applied to test for correlations between pollen season parameters and weather-related factors before and over the pollen season. The results obtained suggest that flowering has delayed over recent years, especially for trees with a bloom closer to spring (poplar and elm). Earlier flowering species are more influenced by the meteorological parameters before the flowering. However, species blooming later are more influenced by the meteorological parameters during the pollen season. Meteorological parameters affect more the interior cities than the coastal city.

中文翻译：

---

西班牙南部冬季开花树木的花粉季节趋势

目前的工作研究了 1994 年至 2017 年间科尔多瓦、格拉纳达和马拉加（西班牙安达卢西亚）的冬季开花树木（桤木、柏科、白蜡木、杨树和榆树）的花粉季节趋势。还分析了气象参数对季节性空气传播花粉的影响。按照西班牙空气生物学网络和欧洲空气生物学学会的标准化方法，使用 Hirst 型体积孢子捕集器记录花粉浓度。非参数 Mann-Kendall 检验和非参数 Sen 方法已被用于研究花粉季节时间和强度以及温度和降雨量的线性趋势。使用 F 检验确定显着性。应用斯皮尔曼分析来测试花粉季节参数和花粉季节前后的天气相关因素之间的相关性。获得的结果表明，近年来开花有所延迟，尤其是接近春季开花的树木（杨树和榆树）。开花较早的物种受开花前气象参数的影响更大。然而，开花较晚的物种在花粉季节受气象参数的影响更大。与沿海城市相比，气象参数对内陆城市的影响更大。然而，开花较晚的物种在花粉季节受气象参数的影响更大。与沿海城市相比，气象参数对内陆城市的影响更大。然而，开花较晚的物种在花粉季节受气象参数的影响更大。与沿海城市相比，气象参数对内陆城市的影响更大。