The number of commensal bacteria in the body surpasses the number of actual human cells. Thus, various interactions between microbes and human cells constitute an inevitable phenomenon. Recent evidence has led to bacterial extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) being proposed as good candidates for microbe-host inter-kingdom communication tools as they can modulate the expression of host genes. However, research findings on the relevance of interactions between extracellular RNA and human diseases are still in their infancy. Nevertheless, substantial data suggest that microbial exRNAs are implicated in various human diseases both at local and distant sites. By exploring various scenarios for the involvement of microbial exRNAs in human diseases, we may better understand the role of exRNAs as "communication signals" for diseases and thereby develop novel therapeutic strategies by using them and their carrier extracellular vesicles.

中文翻译：

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微生物细胞外RNA及其在人类疾病中的作用。

人体中共生细菌的数量超过了实际人类细胞的数量。因此，微生物与人类细胞之间的各种相互作用构成了不可避免的现象。最近的证据导致细菌细胞外RNA（exRNA）被提议为微生物-宿主间王国交流工具的良好候选者，因为它们可以调节宿主基因的表达。但是，有关细胞外RNA与人类疾病之间相互作用的相关性的研究结果仍处于起步阶段。然而，大量数据表明，微生物exRNA与局部和远处的各种人类疾病有关。通过探索各种微生物exRNA参与人类疾病的方案，我们可能会更好地了解exRNA作为“通讯信号”的作用