The multifaceted organization of the immune system involves not only patrolling lymphocytes that constantly monitor antigen-presenting cells in secondary lymphoid organs but also immune cells that establish permanent tissue-residency. The integration in the respective tissue and the adaption to the organ milieu enable tissue-resident cells to establish signaling circuits with parenchymal cells to coordinate immune responses and maintain tissue homeostasis. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident innate immune cells that have a similar functional diversity to T cells including lineage-specifying transcription factors that drive certain effector programs. Since their formal discovery 10 years ago, it has become clear that ILCs are present in almost every tissue but strongly enriched at barrier surfaces, where they regulate immunity to infection, chronic inflammation, and tissue maintenance. In this context, recent research has identified ILCs as key in orchestrating tissue homeostasis through their ability to sustain bidirectional interactions with epithelial cells, neurons, stromal cells, adipocytes, and many other tissue-resident cells. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion of recent studies that define the development and heterogeneity of ILC populations and their impact on innate and adaptive immunity. Further, we discuss emerging research on the influence of the nervous system, circadian rhythm, and developmental plasticity on ILC function. Uncovering the signaling circuits that control development and function of ILCs will provide an integrated view on how immune responses in tissues are synchronized with functional relevance far beyond the classical view of the role of the immune system in discrimination between self/non-self and host defense.

中文翻译：

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先天性淋巴样细胞控制信号传导电路，以调节组织特异性免疫力。

免疫系统的多方面组织不仅涉及巡逻淋巴细胞，这些淋巴细胞不断监测次级淋巴器官中的抗原呈递细胞，而且涉及建立永久性组织驻留的免疫细胞。在各个组织中的整合以及对器官环境的适应性使组织驻留细胞能够与实质细胞建立信号传导回路，从而协调免疫反应并维持组织稳态。先天淋巴样细胞（ILC）是组织固有的先天免疫细胞，其功能与T细胞具有相似的功能多样性，包括驱动特定效应程序的谱系特异性转录因子。自10年前正式发现以来，很明显，ILC几乎存在于每个组织中，但在屏障表面上却非常富集，它们调节对感染，慢性炎症和组织维持的免疫力。在这种情况下，最近的研究已将ILC识别为通过维持与上皮细胞，神经元，基质细胞，脂肪细胞和许多其他组织驻留细胞的双向相互作用的能力来协调组织稳态的关键。在这篇综述中，我们对最近的研究进行了全面的讨论，这些研究定义了ILC群体的发展和异质性及其对先天和适应性免疫的影响。此外，我们讨论了有关神经系统，昼夜节律和发育可塑性对ILC功能的影响的新兴研究。