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Ungulates and ecosystem services in Mediterranean woody systems: A semi-quantitative review
Journal for Nature Conservation ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125837
Mario Velamazán , Ramón Perea , Miguel N. Bugalho

Abstract Ungulates are key elements that modulate the type and direction of ecosystem services in Mediterranean environments. Our main objective is to synthesize the provision of ecosystem services in forests, shrublands and woodlands dominated by ungulates (wildlife or livestock) in Mediterranean environments. To achieve this objective, we performed a systematic semi-quantitative review (n = 262 studies) across the Mediterranean climate area for the 1991−2018 period. Most studies focused on supporting services (80.35 % of all studies), with biodiversity (49.11 %) and plant recruitment (18.15 %) as the most studied services. A great number of studies addressed plant biodiversity preservation (63.40 % of studies on biodiversity). Surprisingly, we found a low number of studies on cultural (7.02 %) and regulatory (5.26 %) services. Regarding the direction of the relationship of ungulate effects on ecosystem services, 67 studies (25.57 %) showed positive effects and 86 studies (32.82 %) mentioned negative effects (disservices). Most studies that showed positive effects focused on biodiversity, mainly vegetation and birds, and wildfire prevention. However, most studies reporting negative effects were also based on biodiversity loss (mainly vegetation) and plant recruitment failure. Distribution of services remained similar across regions and species but positive effects of ungulates were reported mainly in shrublands and negative effects were reported primarily in forests and woodlands. Despite the fact that ungulate density is key to explain the direction of ungulate effects on ecosystem services, only 9.51 % of all studies considered different estimates of herbivore pressure and just 7.22 % of all studies considered different contrasted densities in the analysis. Overall, our analysis of services showed a decreasing tolerance to ungulate pressure from woodlands, through forests, to shrublands. Mean ± SE ungulate densities (Livestock Units per ha) in studies that showed negative effects were 0.20 ± 0.01 in shrublands, 0.22 ± 0.01 in forests, and 1.98 ± 1.70 in woodlands (including dehesas, montados and rangelands). Management in Mediterranean woody ecosystems should focus on neglected services (e.g. regulatory services) and try to adjust ungulate population densities to maximize positive effects and minimize negative effects on ecosystem services.

中文翻译:

地中海木质系统中的有蹄类动物和生态系统服务:半定量评价

摘要 有蹄类动物是调节地中海环境中生态系统服务类型和方向的关键要素。我们的主要目标是在地中海环境中以有蹄类动物(野生动物或牲畜)为主的森林、灌木林和林地中综合提供生态系统服务。为实现这一目标,我们对 1991-2018 年间地中海气候区进行了系统的半定量审查(n = 262 项研究)。大多数研究侧重于支持服务(占所有研究的 80.35%),其中生物多样性(49.11%)和植物补充(18.15%)是研究最多的服务。大量研究涉及植物生物多样性保护(占生物多样性研究的 63.40%)。令人惊讶的是,我们发现很少有关于文化 (7.02%) 和监管 (5.26%) 服务的研究。关于有蹄类动物对生态系统服务影响的关系方向,67 项研究(25.57%)显示了积极影响,86 项研究(32.82%)提到了负面影响(损害)。大多数显示出积极影响的研究都集中在生物多样性上,主要是植被和鸟类,以及野火预防。然而,大多数报告负面影响的研究也是基于生物多样性丧失(主要是植被)和植物补充失败。不同地区和物种的服务分布仍然相似,但有蹄类动物的积极影响主要在灌木林中报告,而负面影响主要在森林和林地中报告。尽管有蹄类动物的密度是解释有蹄类动物对生态系统服务影响方向的关键,但只有 9。51% 的研究考虑了不同的食草动物压力估计值,只有 7.22% 的研究在分析中考虑了不同的对比密度。总体而言,我们对服务的分析表明,对从林地、森林到灌木地的有蹄类动物压力的耐受性下降。在显示负面影响的研究中,平均 ± SE 有蹄类动物密度(每公顷牲畜单位)在灌木林中为 0.20 ± 0.01,在森林中为 0.22 ± 0.01,在林地(包括 dehesas、montados 和牧场)中为 1.98 ± 1.70。地中海木质生态系统的管理应侧重于被忽视的服务(例如监管服务),并尝试调整有蹄类动物的种群密度,以最大限度地提高对生态系统服务的积极影响并最大限度地减少负面影响。我们对服务的分析表明,人们对从林地、森林到灌木地的有蹄类动物压力的容忍度下降。在显示负面影响的研究中,平均 ± SE 有蹄类动物密度(每公顷牲畜单位)在灌木林中为 0.20 ± 0.01,在森林中为 0.22 ± 0.01,在林地(包括 dehesas、montados 和牧场)中为 1.98 ± 1.70。地中海木质生态系统的管理应侧重于被忽视的服务(例如监管服务),并尝试调整有蹄类动物的种群密度,以最大限度地提高对生态系统服务的积极影响并最大限度地减少负面影响。我们对服务的分析表明,人们对从林地、森林到灌木地的有蹄类动物压力的容忍度下降。在显示负面影响的研究中,平均 ± SE 有蹄类动物密度(每公顷牲畜单位)在灌木林中为 0.20 ± 0.01,在森林中为 0.22 ± 0.01,在林地(包括 dehesas、montados 和牧场)中为 1.98 ± 1.70。地中海木质生态系统的管理应侧重于被忽视的服务(例如监管服务),并尝试调整有蹄类动物的种群密度,以最大限度地提高对生态系统服务的积极影响并最大限度地减少负面影响。1.98 ± 1.70 在林地(包括 dehesas、montados 和牧场)。地中海木质生态系统的管理应侧重于被忽视的服务(例如监管服务),并尝试调整有蹄类动物的种群密度,以最大限度地提高对生态系统服务的积极影响并最大限度地减少负面影响。1.98 ± 1.70 在林地(包括 dehesas、montados 和牧场)。地中海木质生态系统的管理应侧重于被忽视的服务(例如监管服务),并尝试调整有蹄类动物的种群密度,以最大限度地提高对生态系统服务的积极影响并最大限度地减少负面影响。
更新日期:2020-06-01
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