Background: Surgical research is potentially invasive, high-risk, and costly. Research that advances medical dogma must justify both its ends and its means. Although ethical questions do not always have simple answers, it is critically important for the clinician, researcher, and patient to approach these dilemmas and surgical research in a thoughtful, conscientious manner.

中文翻译：

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外科研究伦理的赞成与反对观点：第 39 届外科感染学会年度会议的最新动态。

背景：外科研究具有潜在的侵入性、高风险且成本高昂。推进医学教义的研究必须证明其目的和手段的合理性。尽管伦理问题并不总是有简单的答案，但对于临床医生、研究人员和患者来说，以深思熟虑、认真的方式处理这些困境和外科研究至关重要。