Glycoconjugate vaccines are among the safest and most successful vaccines developed during the past 30 years. Since the first semisynthetic chemical conjugate vaccine licensed in the 1980's to protect human against Haemophilus influenzae type b infection, conjugate vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae have been developed and registered using the same approach (i.e. bacterial growth to produce capsular polysaccharide antigen and chemical coupling to carrier protein). Other types of conjugate vaccines have been recently developed and tested in clinical trials, prepared by coupling chemically synthesized oligosaccharides to proteins, by engineering Escherichia coli to directly produce bioconjugates or by delivering the native carbohydrate antigen in engineered membrane vesicles (i.e. Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens, GMMA). Through this review, the reader will have an insight regarding the history and the characteristics of different types of conjugate vaccines, and the attributes that might affect their immunogenicity and their potential for future applications.

中文翻译：

---

提高糖缀合物疫苗的功效：从化学缀合物到下一代构建体。

糖缀合物疫苗是过去 30 年来开发的最安全、最成功的疫苗之一。自从 1980 年代第一种半合成化学结合疫苗获得许可用于保护人类免受 b 型流感嗜血杆菌感染以来，针对脑膜炎奈瑟菌和肺炎链球菌的结合疫苗已经开发并注册使用相同的方法（即细菌生长以产生荚膜多糖抗原和化学偶联到载体蛋白）。最近开发了其他类型的结合疫苗并在临床试验中进行了测试，通过将化学合成的寡糖与蛋白质偶联，通过工程大肠杆菌直接产生生物结合物或通过在工程膜囊泡中递送天然碳水化合物抗原（即 膜抗原的广义模块，GMMA）。通过这篇综述，读者将深入了解不同类型结合疫苗的历史和特征，以及可能影响其免疫原性和未来应用潜力的属性。