Many vaccines are administered to young children in order to prevent infectious diseases early in life. At the same time, most of these vaccines are not developed specifically with the immune system of young children in mind and our understanding of how newborn immune systems differ from adult counterparts is incomplete. The main reason for this lack of understanding stems from the ethical and logistical difficulties in obtaining samples from young children as well as the challenges associated with the small volume samples available. Here I review some recent developments made in this field and discuss their implications for studying vaccine responses in young children and developing better vaccines, tailored to this important population of susceptible individuals in the future.

中文翻译：

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评估非常年轻的疫苗反应的技术。

许多疫苗是给幼儿接种的，目的是在生命早期预防传染病。同时，这些疫苗中的大多数都不是专门针对幼儿的免疫系统而开发的，我们对新生儿免疫系统与成人免疫系统有何不同的理解是不完整的。这种缺乏理解的主要原因源于从幼儿身上获取样本的伦理和后勤困难，以及与可用样本量小相关的挑战。在这里，我回顾了该领域的一些最新进展，并讨论了它们对研究幼儿疫苗反应和开发更好的疫苗的意义，这些疫苗是为未来这一重要的易感人群量身定制的。