The way that speakers communicate their stance towards the listener is often vital for understanding the interpersonal relevance of speech acts, such as basic requests. To establish how interpersonal dimensions of an utterance affect neurocognitive processing, we compared event-related potentials elicited by requests that linguistically varied in how much they imposed on listeners (e.g., Lend me a nickel vs. hundred) and in the speaker's vocally-expressed stance towards the listener (polite or rude tone of voice). From utterance onset, effects of vocal stance were robustly differentiated by an early anterior positivity (P200) which increased for rude versus polite voices. At the utterance-final noun that marked the 'cost' of the request (nickel vs. hundred), there was an increased negativity between 300 and 500 ms in response to high-imposition requests accompanied by rude stance compared to the rest of the conditions. This N400 effect was followed by interactions of stance and imposition that continued to inform several effects in the late positivity time window (500-800 ms post-onset of the critical noun), some of which correlated significantly with prosody-related changes in the P200 response from utterance onset. Results point to rapid neural differentiation of voice-related information conveying stance (around 200 ms post-onset of speech) and exemplify the interplay of different sources of interpersonal meaning (stance, imposition) as listeners evaluate social implications of a request. Data show that representations of speaker meaning are actively shaped by vocal and verbal cues that encode interpersonal features of an utterance, promoting attempts to reanalyze and infer the pragmatic significance of speech acts in the 500-800 ms time window.

中文翻译：

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对人际请求的神经反应：强加和声音表达立场的影响。

说话者向听者表达他们的立场的方式对于理解言语行为（例如基本请求）的人际相关性通常是至关重要的。为了确定话语的人际关系维度如何影响神经认知处理，我们比较了由语言上不同的请求引起的事件相关电位，这些请求在语言上对听众施加了多少（例如，借给我一分钱还是一百分）和说话者的声音表达立场对听者（礼貌或粗鲁的语气）。从发声开始，声音姿态的影响就被早期的正面积极性 (P200) 强烈区分，这种积极性在粗鲁和礼貌的声音中增加。在标记请求的“成本”（镍对百）的最后一个名词中，与其他条件相比，在 300 到 500 毫秒之间，对伴随粗鲁立场的高强​​度请求做出响应时，消极情绪有所增加。这种 N400 效应之后是立场和强加的相互作用，这些相互作用继续在晚期阳性时间窗口（关键名词出现后 500-800 毫秒）中告知几种效应，其中一些与 P200 中与韵律相关的变化显着相关从话语开始的反应。结果表明与语音相关的信息传达立场（大约 200 毫秒后讲话）的快速神经分化，并举例说明了不同来源的人际意义（立场、强加）在听众评估请求的社会影响时的相互作用。