BACKGROUND High quality personal exposure data is fundamental to understanding the health implications of household energy interventions, interpreting analyses across assigned study arms, and characterizing exposure-response relationships for household air pollution. This paper describes the exposure data collection for the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN), a multicountry randomized controlled trial of liquefied petroleum gas stoves and fuel among 3,200 households in India, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Peru. OBJECTIVES The primary objectives of the exposure assessment are to estimate the exposure contrast achieved following a clean fuel intervention and to provide data for analyses of exposure-response relationships across a range of personal exposures. METHODS Exposure measurements are being conducted over the 3-y time frame of the field study. We are measuring fine particulate matter [PM < 2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] with the Enhanced Children's MicroPEM™ (RTI International), carbon monoxide (CO) with the USB-EL-CO (Lascar Electronics), and black carbon with the OT21 transmissometer (Magee Scientific) in pregnant women, adult women, and children <1 year of age, primarily via multiple 24-h personal assessments (three, six, and three measurements, respectively) over the course of the 18-month follow-up period using lightweight monitors. For children we are using an indirect measurement approach, combining data from area monitors and locator devices worn by the child. For a subsample (up to 10%) of the study population, we are doubling the frequency of measurements in order to estimate the accuracy of subject-specific typical exposure estimates. In addition, we are conducting ambient air monitoring to help characterize potential contributions of PM2.5 exposure from background concentration. Stove use monitors (Geocene) are being used to assess compliance with the intervention, given that stove stacking (use of traditional stoves in addition to the intervention gas stove) may occur. CONCLUSIONS The tools and approaches being used for HAPIN to estimate personal exposures build on previous efforts and take advantage of new technologies. In addition to providing key personal exposure data for this study, we hope the application and learnings from our exposure assessment will help inform future efforts to characterize exposure to household air pollution and for other contexts. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6422.

中文翻译：

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家庭空气污染干预网络 (HAPIN) 试验的空气污染物暴露和炉灶使用评估方法。


背景高质量的个人暴露数据对于理解家庭能源干预对健康的影响、解释指定研究组的分析以及表征家庭空气污染的暴露-反应关系至关重要。本文介绍了家庭空气污染干预网络 (HAPIN) 的暴露数据收集，这是一项针对印度、卢旺达、危地马拉和秘鲁 3,200 个家庭对液化石油气炉和燃料进行的多国随机对照试验。目标 暴露评估的主要目标是估计清洁燃料干预后所达到的暴露对比，并为分析一系列个人暴露的暴露-反应关系提供数据。方法 在实地研究的 3 年时间内进行暴露测量。我们使用增强型儿童 MicroPEM™（RTI International）测量细颗粒物 [PM < 2.5μm 空气动力学直径 (PM2.5)]，使用 USB-EL-CO（Lascar Electronics）测量一氧化碳 (CO)，以及使用 OT21 透射计 (Magee Scientific) 对孕妇、成年女性和 <1 岁的儿童进行黑炭测试，主要通过在 18 年期间进行的多次 24 小时个人评估（分别为 3 次、6 次和 3 次测量）使用轻型监视器进行一个月的随访。对于儿童，我们使用间接测量方法，结合来自儿童佩戴的区域监视器和定位设备的数据。对于研究人群的子样本（最多 10%），我们将测量频率加倍，以估计特定受试者典型暴露估计的准确性。 此外，我们正在进行环境空气监测，以帮助描述背景浓度对 PM2.5 暴露的潜在贡献。鉴于可能会出现炉灶堆放（除了干预燃气炉之外还使用传统炉灶），炉灶使用监测器（Geocene）用于评估干预措施的遵守情况。结论 HAPIN 用于估计个人暴露的工具和方法建立在以前的努力的基础上，并利用了新技术。除了为本研究提供关键的个人暴露数据外，我们希望暴露评估的应用和经验教训将有助于为未来描述家庭空气污染暴露和其他环境的工作提供信息。 https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6422。