The microbiota is linked to human health by governing susceptibility to infection. However, the interplay between enteric pathogens, the host, and its microbiota is complex, encompassing host cell manipulation by virulence factors, immune responses, and a diverse gut ecosystem. The host represents a foundation species that uses its immune system as a habitat filter to shape the gut microbiota. In turn, the gut microbiota protects against ecosystem invasion by opportunistic pathogens through priority effects that are based on niche modification or niche preemption. Frank pathogens can overcome these priority effects by using their virulence factors to manipulate host-derived habitat filters, thereby constructing new nutrient-niches in the intestinal lumen that support ecosystem invasion. The emerging picture identifies pathogens as ecosystem engineers and suggests that virulence factors are useful tools for identifying host-derived habitat filters that balance the microbiota.

中文翻译：

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微生物组研究时代的胃肠道宿主-病原体相互作用。

微生物群通过控制对感染的敏感性与人类健康相关。但是，肠道病原体，宿主及其微生物群之间的相互作用是复杂的，包括通过毒性因子，免疫反应和多样化的肠道生态系统对宿主细胞进行操纵。宿主代表一种基础物种，利用其免疫系统作为栖息地过滤器来塑造肠道菌群。反过来，肠道微生物群则可通过基于生态位修饰或生态位先占的优先效应，防止机会性病原体入侵生态系统。弗兰克病原体可以利用其毒力因子来操纵宿主衍生的栖息地过滤器，从而克服这些优先作用，从而在支持生态系统入侵的肠腔中构建新的营养位。