We analyzed the composition of amino acids (AAs) in oligopeptides, proteins, and the free pool, as well as creatine, agmatine, polyamines, carnosine, anserine, and glutathione, in animal- and plant-derived feedstuffs. Ingredients of animal origins were black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFM), chicken by-product meal, chicken visceral digest, feather meal, Menhaden fishmeal, Peruvian anchovy fishmeal, Southeast Asian fishmeal, spray-dried peptone from enzymes-treated porcine mucosal tissues, poultry by-product meal (pet-food grade), spray-dried poultry plasma, and spray-dried egg product. Ingredients of plant origins were algae spirulina meal, soybean meal, and soy protein concentrate. All animal-derived feedstuffs contained large amounts of all proteinogenic AAs (particularly glycine, proline, glutamate, leucine, lysine, and arginine) and key nonproteinogenic AAs (taurine and 4-hydroxyproline), as well as significant amounts of agmatine, polyamines, creatine, creatinine, creatine phosphate, and glutathione. These nitrogenous substances are essential to either DNA and protein syntheses in cells or energy metabolism in tissues (particularly the brain and skeletal muscle). Of note, chicken by-product meal, poultry by-product meal, and spray-dried poultry plasma contained large amounts of carnosine and anserine (potent antioxidants). Compared with most of the animal-derived feedstuffs, plant-derived feedstuffs contained much lower contents of glycine and proline, little 4-hydroxyproline, and no creatine, creatinine, creatine phosphate, carnosine or anserine. These results indicate the unique importance of animal-source feedstuffs in improving the feed efficiency, growth and health of animals (including fish and companion animals). Because soy protein concentrate is consumed by infants, children and adults, as are BSFM and algae for children and adults, our findings also have important implications for human nutrition.

中文翻译：

---

动物饲料中氨基酸和相关氮营养素的组成。


我们分析了动物和植物源性饲料中寡肽、蛋白质和游离池中氨基酸 (AA) 的组成，以及肌酸、胍丁胺、多胺、肌肽、鹅肌肽和谷胱甘肽。动物源性成分包括黑水虻幼虫粉（BSFM）、鸡肉副产品粉、鸡内脏消化物、羽毛粉、鲱鱼粉、秘鲁凤尾鱼鱼粉、东南亚鱼粉、来自酶处理猪粘膜组织的喷雾干燥蛋白胨、家禽副产品粉（宠物食品级）、喷雾干燥家禽血浆和喷雾干燥蛋制品。植物来源成分包括藻类螺旋藻粉、豆粕和大豆浓缩蛋白。所有动物源性饲料均含有大量的所有蛋白质氨基酸（特别是甘氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸）和关键的非蛋白质氨基酸（牛磺酸和 4-羟脯氨酸），以及大量的胍丁胺、多胺、肌酸、肌酐、磷酸肌酸和谷胱甘肽。这些含氮物质对于细胞中的 DNA 和蛋白质合成或组织（特别是大脑和骨骼肌）的能量代谢至关重要。值得注意的是，鸡肉副产品粉、家禽副产品粉和喷雾干燥的家禽血浆含有大量肌肽和鹅氨酸（有效的抗氧化剂）。与大多数动物源饲料相比，植物源饲料中甘氨酸和脯氨酸的含量要低得多，4-羟脯氨酸含量也很少，并且不含肌酸、肌酐、磷酸肌酸、肌肽或鹅氨酸。这些结果表明动物源饲料在提高动物（包括鱼类和伴侣动物）的饲料效率、生长和健康方面具有独特的重要性。 由于婴儿、儿童和成人会消耗大豆浓缩蛋白，儿童和成人也会消耗 BSFM 和藻类，因此我们的研究结果对人类营养也具有重要意义。