Selective laser melting used in manufacturing custom-made titanium implants becomes more popular. In view of the important role played by osteoclasts in peri-implant bone resorption and osseointegration, we modified selective laser melting-manufactured titanium surfaces using sandblasting/alkali-heating and sandblasting/acid-etching, and investigated their effect on osteoclast differentiation as well as their underlying mechanisms. The properties of the surfaces, including elements, roughness, wettability and topography, were analyzed. We evaluated the proliferation and morphology of primary mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes, as well as induced osteoclasts derived from bone marrow-derived monocytes, on samples. Then, osteoclast differentiation was determined by the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity assay, calcitonin receptors immunofluorescence staining and the expression of osteoclast-related genes. The results showed that sandblasting/alkali-heating established nanonet structure with the lowest water contact angle, and both sandblasting/alkali-heating and sandblasting/acid-etching significantly decreased surface roughness and heterogeneity compared with selective laser melting. Surface modifications of selective laser melting-produced titanium altered bone marrow-derived monocyte morphology and suppressed bone marrow-derived monocyte proliferation and osteoclastogenesis in vitro (sandblasting/alkali-heating>sandblasting/acid-etching>selective laser melting). These surface modifications reduced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinases compared to native-selective laser melting. Sandblasting/alkali-heating additionally blocked tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 recruitment. The results suggested that sandblasting/alkali-heating and sandblasting/acid-etching modifications on selective laser melting titanium could inhibit osteoclast differentiation through suppressing extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and provide a promising technique which might reduce peri-implant bone resorption for optimizing native-selective laser melting implants.

用于制造定制钛植入物的选择性激光熔化变得越来越流行。鉴于破骨细胞在种植体周围骨吸收和骨整合中的重要作用，我们使用喷砂/碱加热和喷砂/酸蚀对选择性激光熔化制造的钛表面进行改性，并研究它们对破骨细胞分化的影响以及他们的潜在机制。分析了表面的特性，包括元素、粗糙度、润湿性和形貌。我们在样品上评估了原代小鼠骨髓衍生单核细胞以及骨髓衍生单核细胞衍生的诱导破骨细胞的增殖和形态。然后，通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶活性测定确定破骨细胞分化，降钙素受体免疫荧光染色及破骨细胞相关基因的表达。结果表明，喷砂/碱加热形成具有最低水接触角的纳米网结构，与选择性激光熔化相比，喷砂/碱加热和喷砂/酸蚀刻均显着降低了表面粗糙度和不均匀性。选择性激光熔化产生的钛的表面修饰改变了骨髓来源的单核细胞形态，并在体外抑制了骨髓来源的单核细胞增殖和破骨细胞生成（喷砂/碱加热>喷砂/酸蚀刻>选择性激光熔化）。与天然选择性激光熔化相比，这些表面修饰减少了细胞外信号调节激酶和 c-Jun N 端激酶的激活。喷砂/碱加热还阻止了肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子 6 的募集。结果表明，喷砂/碱加热和喷砂/酸蚀对选择性激光熔化钛的修饰可以通过抑制丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路中的细胞外信号调节激酶和c-Jun N-末端激酶磷酸化来抑制破骨细胞分化，提供一种可能减少种植体周围骨吸收的有前途的技术，以优化天然选择性激光熔化种植体。