Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) are thought to be caused by dehydration and/or electrolyte losses. In this multicenter, cross-sectional study, the authors determined whether sweat rates (SRs), sweat electrolyte concentrations, or sweat electrolyte content differed in athletes with (i.e., crampers) and without (i.e., noncrampers) a history of EAMCs and whether these variables could predict EAMC-prone athletes. Male and female collegiate athletes (N = 350) from 11 sports with (n = 245) and without (n = 105) a self-reported history of EAMCs completed a typical exercise or conditioning session. SRs, calculated from body mass, and posterior forearm sweat were analyzed for sweat sodium concentration ([Na+]sw), sweat potassium concentration ([K+]sw), and sweat chloride concentration ([Cl-]sw). The authors used SRs and sweat electrolyte concentrations to calculate sweat electrolyte content lost. Within each gender, no differences in SRs (204 males, p = .92; 146 females, p = .24); [Na+]sw (191 males, p = .55; 126 females, p = .55); Na+sw content (191 males, p = .59; 126 females, p = .20); [K+]sw (192 males, p = .57; 126 females, p = .87); K+sw content (192 males, p = .49; 126 females, p = .03); [Cl-]sw (192 males, p = .94; 77 females, p = .57); and Cl-sw content (192 males, p = .55; 77 females, p = .34) occurred between crampers and noncrampers. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that sweat electrolyte content and SRs were predictive of EAMC-prone athletes in American football (area under curve = 0.65-0.72, p ≤ .005), but not in any other sport. EAMCs may not be solely caused by fluid or electrolyte losses in most athletes. Fluid and electrolyte replacement may help American footballers. Clinicians should individualize fluid and electrolyte replacement and understand different etiologies for EAMCs.

中文翻译：

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易抽筋和抗抽筋运动员的出汗特征。

运动相关的肌肉痉挛 (EAMCs) 被认为是由脱水和/或电解质流失引起的。在这项多中心、横断面研究中，作者确定了有（即绞痛）和没有（即非绞痛）EAMC 病史的运动员的出汗率 (SR)、汗液电解质浓度或汗液电解质含量是否不同，以及这些是否变量可以预测 EAMC 倾向的运动员。来自 11 项运动的男性和女性大学生运动员 (N = 350)，有 (n = 245) 和没有 (n = 105) 自我报告的 EAMCs 病史，完成了典型的锻炼或调理训练。根据体重计算的 SR 和前臂后部汗液分析汗液钠浓度 ([Na+]sw)、汗液钾浓度 ([K+]sw) 和汗液氯化物浓度 ([Cl-]sw)。作者使用 SR 和汗液电解质浓度来计算流失的汗液电解质含量。在每个性别中，SR 没有差异（204 名男性，p = .92；146 名女性，p = .24）；[Na+]sw（191 名男性，p = .55；126 名女性，p = .55）；Na+sw 含量（191 名男性，p = .59；126 名女性，p = .20）；[K+]sw（192 名男性，p = .57；126 名女性，p = .87）；K+sw 含量（192 名男性，p = .49；126 名女性，p = .03）；[Cl-]sw（192 名男性，p = .94；77 名女性，p = .57）；和 Cl-sw 含量（192 名男性，p = .55；77 名女性，p = .34）发生在抽筋者和非抽筋者之间。接收者操作特征曲线分析显示，汗液电解质含量和 SR 可预测美式足球中易发生 EAMC 的运动员（曲线下面积 = 0.65-0.72，p ≤ .005），但在任何其他运动中均无此预测。EAMC 可能不仅仅由大多数运动员的体液或电解质流失引起。液体和电解质替代品可能对美式足球运动员有所帮助。临床医生应个体化液体和电解质置换，并了解 EAMC 的不同病因。