Abstract Western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, is a quarantine pest of sweet cherries in the Pacific Northwest of the United States that overwinters as diapausing pupae. Eclosion responses of R. indifferens puparia to different low temperature durations and postdiapause conditions affect the pest status of the fly. Here, we determined the effects of holding R. indifferens puparia at 3°C for 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wk on adult eclosion times and rates at two simulated temperate and two simulated tropical climate treatments over 40 wk. When puparia were chilled 0, 1, or 2 wk, adult eclosion across the four climate treatments displayed a bimodal distribution with low eclosion at 3 wk and high eclosion at 23–35 wk. When puparia were chilled ≤ 10 wk, there was a weaker bimodal distribution. However, when puparia were chilled 15–30 wk, eclosion was more synchronous and occurred at 5–7 wk across the four postchill climate treatments. Eclosion was greater at a postdiapause temperature of 26°C than 23°C. Timing to 50% eclosion was faster at longer photoperiod (16:8 L:D) than shorter (12:12 L:D). The bimodality of eclosion in respect to the duration of low temperature exposure may be indicative of univoltine insect species with obligate diapause that may span over two seasons.

中文翻译：

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低温持续时间和成虫饲养方式影响无差异鼠尾草（实蝇科：双翅目）的羽化

摘要 西部樱桃果蝇 Rhagoletis indifferens Curran 是美国太平洋西北部甜樱桃的检疫性害虫，以滞育蛹越冬。R. indifferens puparia 对不同低温持续时间和滞育后条件的羽化反应会影响果蝇的害虫状况。在这里，我们确定了将 R. indifferens puparia 在 3°C 下保持 0、1、2、5、10、15 和 20 周对两种模拟温带和两种模拟热带气候处理下成虫羽化时间和速率的影响超过 40周。当蛹冷藏 0、1 或 2 周时，四种气候处理的成虫羽化显示出双峰分布，3 周时羽化低，23-35 周时羽化高。当蛹冷却 ≤ 10 周时，双峰分布较弱。然而，当蛹冷藏 15-30 周时，羽化更加同步，并且在四种后冷气候处理中发生在 5-7 周。26°C 的滞育后温度下的羽化大于 23°C。在较长的光周期 (16:8 L:D) 下，达到 50% 羽化的时间比较短的 (12:12 L:D) 更快。关于低温暴露持续时间的羽化的双峰性可能表明单性昆虫物种具有可能跨越两个季节的专性滞育。