Purpose Derivational morphology and compounds are important aspects of academic vocabulary. However, investigation of the development of expressive derivational and compound morphology using language sampling is sparse. This cross-sectional study used three types of language samples to investigate quantitative and qualitative changes in the spontaneous production of derived words and compounds in early and late elementary-age children as a function of age and discourse type. Method Twenty-three children in two age groups (early elementary, n = 12; late elementary, n = 11) participated. Three types of language samples were elicited: conversational (10-min conversation with an adult examiner), narrative ("I tell-you tell" narrative with single picture stimulus combined with a story stem narrative), and expository (explanation of how to play a favorite game or sport with text-based topic prompts). Language samples were transcribed using Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (Miller & Chapman, 2012) conventions with the addition of researcher-created codes to identify derived words and compounds. Quantitative measures (number of derived words, different derived words, number of compounds, and different compounds) were calculated as percentages of total words or number of different words to control for differing sample length. The types of derivational morphemes and compounds produced by children in each age group were listed and qualitatively analyzed for evidence of a sequential development of specific morpheme types, variation in complexity, and productivity. Results Developmental change in quantitative and qualitative measures of derivational and compound morphology was evident across early and late elementary-age children in the language samples. Lists of derived words and compounds produced provided a rich source for analyzing developmental patterns in expressive morphology. Conversational and, to a lesser extent, expository discourse generated the greatest number and diversity of multimorphemic words. Conclusions This research provided new insights into academic vocabulary development in elementary school-age children. The clinical usefulness of language sampling to quantitatively and qualitatively assess derivational morphology and compounds was demonstrated. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12170373.

中文翻译：

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“不合时宜”和“四分之一小马”：比较不同话语类型和年龄组的派生词和复合词的使用。

目的派生形态和化合物是学术词汇的重要方面。但是，使用语言采样对表达性派生和复合形态的发展进行的研究很少。这项横断面研究使用三种类型的语言样本来调查早期和晚期小学年龄儿童中衍生词和​​复合词自发产生的数量和质量变化随年龄和话语类型的变化。方法参加两个年龄段的23名儿童（初等年龄n = 12；初等年龄n = 11）。得出了三种类型的语言样本：对话（与成年考官进行10分钟的对话），叙事（“我告诉你”叙事与单张图片刺激结合故事主干叙事），和说明（使用基于文本的主题提示来解释如何玩喜爱的游戏或运动）。语言样本使用“系统的语言文字记录分析”（Miller＆Chapman，2012）惯例进行转录，并添加研究人员创建的代码以识别派生的单词和复合词。定量度量（派生词的数量，不同派生词的数量，化合物的数量和不同化合物的数量）以总单词的百分比或不同单词的数量来控制不同的样本长度。列出并定性分析了各个年龄段儿童产生的派生语素类型和化合物类型，以证明特定语素类型，复杂性和生产率的依次发展。结果在语言样本中，早期和晚期小学年龄儿童在派生和复合形态的定量和定性度量方面的发展变化是明显的。产生的派生词和复合词的列表为分析表达形态的发展模式提供了丰富的资源。对话式（较少程度上）的说明性话语产生了最多数量和最多的多态词。结论这项研究为小学适龄儿童的学术词汇发展提供了新的见解。证明了语言采样在定量和定性评估派生形态和化合物方面的临床实用性。补充材料https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12170373。