Recently reported studies considering nonlinearity in the effects of low-dose space radiation have assumed a nontargeted mechanism. To date, few analyses have been performed to assess whether a nontargeted term is supported by the available data. The Harderian gland data from Alpen et al. (published in 1993 and 1994), and Chang et al. (2016) provide the most diversity of ions and energies in a tumor induction model, including multiple high-energy and charge particles. These data can be used to investigate various nonlinearity assumptions against a linear model, including nontargeted effects in the low-dose region or cell sterilization at high doses. In this work, generalized linear models were used with the log complement link function to analyze the binomial data from the studies independently and combined. While there was some evidence of nonlinearity that was best described by a cell-sterilization model, the linear model was adequate to describe the data. The current data do not support the addition of a nontargeted effects term in any model. While adequate data are available in the low-dose region (<0.5 Gy) to support a nontargeted effects term if valid, additional data in the 1-2 Gy region are necessary to achieve power for cell-sterilization analysis validation. The current analysis demonstrates that the Harderian gland tumor data do not support the use of a nontargeted effects term in human cancer risk models.

中文翻译：

---

使用三个结合的HZE照射的小鼠数据集评估Harderian腺肿瘤诱导的非线性。

最近报道的考虑低剂量空间辐射影响中的非线性的研究假设了一种非靶向机制。迄今为止，几乎没有进行分析来评估可用数据是否支持非目标术语。来自Alpen等的Harderian腺数据。（分别于1993年和1994年出版）和Chang等。（2016）在肿瘤诱导模型中提供了最多样的离子和能量，包括多个高能和电荷粒子。这些数据可用于研究针对线性模型的各种非线性假设，包括低剂量区域的非靶向效应或高剂量下的细胞灭菌。在这项工作中，将广义线性模型与对数补码链接函数一起使用，以独立和组合分析来自研究的二项式数据。虽然有一些非线性的证据可以用细胞灭菌模型最好地描述，但是线性模型足以描述数据。当前数据不支持在任何模型中添加非目标效果项。虽然在低剂量区域（<0.5 Gy）中有足够的数据（如果有效）来支持非靶向效应项，但在1-2 Gy区域中需要其他数据才能获得用于细胞灭菌分析验证的能力。当前的分析表明，哈德氏腺肿瘤数据不支持在人类癌症风险模型中使用非靶向效应术语。虽然在低剂量区域（<0.5 Gy）中有足够的数据（如果有效）来支持非靶向效应项，但在1-2 Gy区域中需要其他数据才能获得用于细胞灭菌分析验证的能力。当前的分析表明，哈德氏腺肿瘤数据不支持在人类癌症风险模型中使用非靶向效应术语。虽然在低剂量区域（<0.5 Gy）中有足够的数据（如果有效）来支持非目标效应项，但在1-2 Gy区域中需要其他数据才能获得用于细胞灭菌分析验证的能力。当前的分析表明，哈德氏腺肿瘤数据不支持在人类癌症风险模型中使用非靶向效应术语。