The improved efficiency of cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction potential of Calendula officinalis L. was evaluated in Cd-spiked calcareous soil, using various chelating agents. In a greenhouse study, three chelating agents, including EDTA, citric acid (CA), and tartaric acid (TA), were applied to Cd-spiked soils (50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹) under C. officinalis L. cultivation. According to the results, C. officinalis grew normally without any toxicity signs at various Cd levels of the soil; however, with increasing the Cd levels, the plant dry weight biomass decreased, and activities of antioxidant enzymes (AOEs) increased. The application of CA and TA in Cd-spiked soils improved the physiologic traits of plants and mitigated the Cd stress since the activities of AOEs decreased. Oppositely, due to increasing the Cd excessive permeability to the root of the plant, EDTA application diminished the physiologic traits and increased the activities of AOEs. The results also showed that all the chelators, especially EDTA, markedly increased the Cd mobility factor (from 58.80% to 65.20–89.60%) in Cd-spiked soils. The bioconcentration factor (BCF = 1.3–2.90) and translocation factor (TF = 1.28–1.58) of Cd, which were >1 in all treated and untreated plant samples, as well as the accumulated Cd >100 mg kg⁻¹, demonstrated that C. officinalis is a Cd-hyperaccumulator plant which could remediate Cd by the phytoextraction process. Regarding the biodegradation of CA, as well as the increased TF efficiency of Cd and plant biomass of CA treatments (by decreasing oxidative stress), compared to EDTA and TA treatments, it is recommended that CA be used as a superior chelating agent to enhance the efficiency of Cd phytoremediation in C. officinalis.

使用各种螯合剂评估了掺镉的钙质土壤中金盏菊的镉（Cd）植物提取潜力的提高效率。在温室研究中，将三种EDTA，柠檬酸（CA）和酒石酸（TA）的螯合剂施用于C. officinalis L.栽培的掺镉的土壤（50和100 mg kg ^-1）。根据结果​​，C。officinalis在土壤中各种镉水平下均可正常生长而无任何毒性迹象；然而，随着镉含量的增加，植物干重生物量减少，抗氧化酶（AOEs）的活性增加。由于AOEs的活性下降，因此在掺Cd的土壤中施用CA和TA可以改善植物的生理特性并减轻Cd胁迫。相反，由于增加了Cd对植物根部的过度渗透性，EDTA的使用降低了其生理特性并增加了AOE的活性。结果还显示，所有螯合剂，特别是EDTA，在掺Cd的土壤中显着提高了Cd的迁移率（从58.80％增至65.20–89.60％）。镉的生物富集系数（BCF = 1.3–2.90）和镉的转运系数（TF = 1.28–1.58），在所有处理过的和未经处理的植物样品中均> 1，^-1证明了山茱。是一种Cd超富集植物，可以通过植物提取过程修复Cd。与EDTA和TA处理相比，关于CA的生物降解以及CA处理中Cd和植物生物量的TF效率提高（通过降低氧化应激），建议将CA作为优良的螯合剂来增强镉植物修复的效率C.巴戟。